Neurological diseases are pathological processes that affect the human nervous system (central and/or peripheral). Major neurological diseases can affect the pyramidal or extrapyramidal system. The pyramidal system in the body is responsible for muscle strength, the formation of voluntary movements, and coordination. The extrapyramidal system maintains muscle tone in a state of imaginary rest (standing, sitting, lying on its side, etc.). Neurological diseases in children and adults are diagnosed and treated differently.
Causes of development of neurological diseases:
- — congenital pathology;
- - traumatic brain and spinal injuries;
- — hereditary predisposition, genetic diseases;
- - infectious diseases;
- - stress experienced;
- - effects of certain dosage forms.
Symptoms of neurological disorders are varied:
- - headache and dizziness;
- - facial pain;
- — sleep disorders;
- - various convulsive states, fainting;
- — sensitivity disorders;
- — neuromuscular pathology;
- - disturbances in movement and coordination;
- - tremor;
- - memory and attention disorders;
- — visual and hearing impairments;
- - increased fatigue;
- - delayed mental and physical development in children;
- - panic attacks;
- - and others.
Neurological diseases
Diseases of the brain and spinal cord for which people come to our center:
- Neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroses and psychopathy.
- Movement diseases: pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders.
- Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
- Systemic atrophies of the central nervous system, neuromuscular diseases.
- Conformational diseases. Demyelinating diseases – pathies and neuropathies.
- Epilepsy.
- Cerebrovascular diseases.
- Migraine.
- Lesions of the peripheral nervous system: radiculopathy, plexitis.
- Nervous system injuries.
- Neurotic somatoform disorders, disorders associated with physiological disorders.
- Comorbid conditions.
Neurological symptoms and genes
Neurological symptoms and genes
Neurological symptoms are observed in many hereditary diseases, and in some cases pathological changes affect only the nervous system. According to recent molecular genetic studies, many diseases of the nervous system have been reclassified depending on the underlying genetic defect.
Diseases associated with gene deletions
Many neurological diseases are associated with complete or partial gene deletions, for example, hereditary polyneuropathy with compression palsy.
Diseases associated with gene duplication
Some diseases may be associated with gene duplication, an example is hereditary motosensory polyneuropathy, in which patients develop weakness and atrophy of distal muscles and loss of sensation in the first decades of life.
Diseases associated with gene mutations
Gene mutations are the most common genetic defects. Diseases associated with gene mutations are based on dysfunction of a specific protein or enzyme. Examples of such diseases are familial forms of motor neuron disease, muscular dystrophies and myotonic syndromes.
Diseases associated with gene imprinting
Imprinting is the differential expression of genes depending on the parent from which they were inherited. Thus, dysfunction of maternal genes on certain parts of chromosomes leads to the development of Prader-Willi syndrome (mental retardation with obesity, decreased height), while dysfunction of the same genes received from the father leads to the development of Angelman syndrome (severe mental retardation, ataxia, epilepsy and abnormality of the skull and face)
Trinucleotide repeat diseases
Pathological trinucleotide repeats occur in diseases such as Huntington's chorea and Friedreich's ataxia.
Inheritance of mental disorders and neurological diseases
An article was recently published in the journal Science describing aspects of the inheritance of neurological and mental disorders. It turned out that most diagnoses correlate with a person’s mental abilities, level of education and character traits. At the same time, various neurological diseases are associated with the presence of different variations in DNA (that is, they are practically not inherited), while many mental disorders have common DNA variants.
What turned out to be:
1. Heritability of traits. Cognitive abilities are more inherited than behavioral traits and susceptibility to disease. If we compare the heritability of different diseases with each other, it is noticeable that the earlier they appear, the better they are inherited.
2. Correlations between diseases. Many mental disorders are related to each other, but unevenly. Correlations were found within the group for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
A second such group, related to each other, includes Tourette's syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia was correlated with almost all diseases studied.
In general, mental and neurological diseases turned out to be practically unrelated to each other. The exception is migraine, which has shown correlations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder and Tourette's syndrome.
In relation to cognitive abilities, diseases were divided into two groups:
1. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as Tourette syndrome - correlations of cognitive abilities were negative.
2. anorexia nervosa (Anorexia nervosa), autism spectrum disorder, bipolar and obsessive-compulsive disorders - on the contrary, positive.
As for additional symptoms, the strongest correlations were found between neuroticism and a number of diseases (anorexia nervosa, migraine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc.), as well as between the “depressive triad” (decreased mood and anhedonia, impaired thinking and motor retardation) and bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, etc.
Judging by the data obtained, from a genetic point of view, two groups of diseases of the nervous system - mental and neurological - are practically not related to each other, despite the fact that some of their symptoms may be common (such as psychosis in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease). This means that their causes and pathogenesis are fundamentally different.
At the same time, mental disorders are highly correlated with each other. This may mean that there are some genetic characteristics that are a risk factor for many diseases at once. For example, the tendency to obsessive ideas can develop into delusions that accompany many diseases, from anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder to schizophrenia. But this fact may also indicate that our current classification of mental disorders is inaccurate. It is possible that many diseases that are now considered separately from each other are based on common mechanisms of occurrence. In this case, the modern classification reflects only general symptoms, but not the path of development of diseases and requires a thorough revision.
The article was published in the journal Science. Source: DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8757 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6395/eaap8757
Symptoms and signs of neurological disease in adults
How neurology manifests itself in adults - in the form of symptoms familiar to many. Here are the most common:
- Headache.
- Migraine.
- Dizziness.
- Painful sensations of varying intensity in any part of the body (pain in the head, back and lower back, pain in the legs, arms, joints).
- Speech impairment.
- Decreased memory and attention.
- Decreased visual acuity, drooping eyelid (ptosis), double vision.
- Fast fatiguability.
- Decreased performance.
- Sleep disorders.
- Tendency to depression.
- Tendency to faint.
- Impaired coordination of movements.
- Noise in the head.
- The appearance of convulsions, epileptic seizures.
- Numbness of the limbs, coldness, loss of sensitivity in the fingers.
- Tremor (shaking) of the limbs.
- Difficulty in swallowing.
- A nervous tic in the form of frequent blinking in adults is also a cause of neurological disorders.
- Etc.
Characteristic symptoms
Nervous system disorders are distinguished by a large number of ailments, each of which has its own symptoms. However, there are also general signs that can help diagnose a neurological problem:
- headaches and migraine attacks;
- speech disorders;
- urinary incontinence;
- problems with swallowing;
- pain in the muscles of the legs, lower back, thoracic region;
- imbalance, fainting;
- depressed state, sleep disturbances;
- convulsions;
- numbness in various parts of the body;
- fast fatiguability;
- noise in ears;
- loss of orientation in space;
- memory losses.
Diagnostics
Since such signs of a neurological disease in adults are also observed in other somatic diseases, a differential diagnosis is required, on the basis of which the specialist makes a conclusion about damage to the nervous system.
All studies in our center are carried out on our own diagnostic base using equipment from leading world companies in the field of neurophysiology:
- Electroencephalography of all types.
- EEG video monitoring (day, night, multi-day).
- Polysomnography (PSG), polysomnography with MSLT test (multiple sleep latency test).
- Electroneuromyography (cutaneous EMG, needle EMG, stimulation EMG).
- Transcranial Dopplerography.
- Duplex scanning of the vessels of the brain and neck.
- Evoked potentials: auditory, visual, somatosensory.
- Fundus examination.
- All types of laboratory diagnostics, including drug monitoring.
- Evoked potentials: auditory, visual, somatosensory.
- Magnetic resonance imaging.
To understand complex situations, specialists of other profiles are brought in: otoneurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroorthopedists, geneticists, psychiatrists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists.
Diseases
Diseases of the nervous system include dozens of independent pathologies and syndromes. Often these diseases are characterized by a chronic course and significant quality of life. Also, neurological pathology in its entirety is the first cause of disability (starting from childhood) and one of the most common causes of death.
In order to understand what diseases a neurologist deals with, you can watch the video material of the site’s author or view the list of diseases below.
This directory of diseases is for informational purposes and cannot serve as a substitute for visiting a neurologist. Perhaps he will help to understand the causes of the existing disease, navigate the possibilities of diagnosis and treatment, and reveal other unclear questions, the answers to which cannot always be obtained during a consultation due to lack of time from the doctor. We hope the site navigation and the alphabetical index of the directory will be convenient for you in your search.
Click on the letter with which the disease you are looking for begins: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
= A =
- Brain abscess
- Brain astrocytoma
- Friedreich's ataxia
- Fetal acrania
- Alcoholic polyneuropathy
- Leber's amaurosis
- Anisocoria
- Sleep apnea (Apnea treatment at home)
- Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels (diet)
- Affective-respiratory attacks
= B =
- Delirium tremens
- Blepharospasm
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Alzheimer's disease (herbal medicine treatment)
- Wilson-Konovalov disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- Kuru disease
- Marchiafava-Bignami disease
- Meniere's disease
- Parkinson's disease (treatment, diet for Parkinson's disease, constipation for Parkinson's disease)
- Raynaud's disease
- Huntington's disease
- Strumpel's disease
- Botulism
=B=
- Vegetovascular dystonia (VSD)
- Inflammation of the sciatic nerve (sciatica)
= G =
- Ganglionitis
- Subdural hematoma
- Epidural hematoma
- Hydrocephalus of the brain
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Glioblastoma of the brain
- Piriformis syndrome
- Herniated disc
- Schmorl's hernia
= D =
- Depression (diet for depression)
- Cerebral palsy (CP)
- Diabetic polyneuropathy
- Dyssomnia
- Duchenne dystrophy
- Erb-Roth dystrophy
- Discirculatory encephalopathy Control of blood pressure in discirculatory encephalopathy
= Z =
- Optic nerve atrophy
= And =
- Ischemic stroke;
- Hemorrhagic stroke
- Infantile spasms
= K =
- Brain cyst
- Coccydynia
= L =
- Logoneurosis
= M =
- Intercostal neuralgia
- Bacterial meningitis
- Serous meningitis
- Tuberculous meningitis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Migraine (treatment)
- Myelopathy
- Microcephaly
- Millard-Hübler syndrome
= N =
- Neurasthenia
- Acoustic neuroma
- Facial neuritis
- Nervous tics
=O=
- Fainting
- A brain tumor
- Osteochondrosis of the thoracic region: vertebrogenic thoracalgia
- Osteochondrosis of the lumbar region: vertebrogenic lumbodynia, vertebrogenic lumbar ischialgia
- Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine: vertebrogenic cervicalgia, vertebrogenic cervicocranialgia, vertebrogenic cervicobrachialgia;
- Ophthalmoplegia
= P =
- Dejerine-Klumpke's palsy
- Erb-Duchenne's palsy
- Plexit
- Post-puncture syndrome
- Priapism
= P =
- Multiple sclerosis
- Ricolin
= C =
- Sacralgia
- Restless legs syndrome
- Dandy-Walker syndrome
- Solarite
- Somnambulism
- Vascular dementia
- Brain concussion
- Spina bifida
= T =
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Tuberous sclerosis
- Turner syndrome
=U=
- Brain contusion
= F =
- Phakomatoses
- Phenylketonuria
- Fibromyalgia
- Fauville syndrome
= X =
- Cholesteatoma
- Intermittent neurogenic claudication
= Ts =
- Cyclopia
= E =
- Post-traumatic encephalopathy
- Encephalopathy of mixed origin
- Eosinophilic granuloma
- Epilepsy
= I =
- Glossopharyngeal nerve neuralgia
Electroencephalography
The procedure is designed to test the bioelectrical activity of the brain by capturing, amplifying and recording the electrical impulses it generates. In this way, structural and organic pathologies of the central nervous system are identified - epilepsy, neoplasms, migraines, concussions and other injuries, as well as their consequences, cerebral palsy, etc.
All methods used at the Trit clinic have no absolute contraindications and are classified as non-invasive. Diagnostics are performed using modern equipment, characterized by increased sensitivity and accuracy. The received data is digitized and then decrypted by highly qualified specialists.
