Features of interpersonal communication in a group of teenagers.

4) Business communication

- always pursues a specific goal and is usually strictly limited in time or divided into clear intervals. If the goal does not affect the individual himself, but concerns only his role, communication is reduced to a functional role. If the business goal is individualized, that is, a person has a business orientation in this particular case or considers corporate interests as his own, communication turns into interpersonal. In many cases, especially in conflict and crisis situations, role-based business communication is more effective than interpersonal communication.

Social communication

It includes the interaction of boys and girls in a group: with classmates and fellow students. Unlike communication based on interests, social contacts are not chosen. Being in a team, you have to interact with completely different people, and this skill will be significantly useful in the future. A mature and accomplished person should be able to communicate effectively with different people and take something useful out of every meeting.

Conflicts and misunderstandings among teenagers due to differences in interests are common. In such situations, hostility and rejection develop very quickly. Teenagers prefer to actively express their position and strive to express themselves as soon as possible.

We can distinguish types of communication based on their content:

• 1) Material communication - exchange of objects and products of individual activity.
• 2) Cognitive communication - exchange of knowledge, information, skills, including in the process of joint activities or during training.
• 3) Motivational communication - transferring to each other certain motives, attitudes, goals, readiness to act in a certain direction, updating certain needs. (Often found in advertising, as well as in various types of education - from raising children to developing the “corporate spirit” of a company.)
• 4) Conditional communication - an exchange of mental and functional states in which people influence each other, trying to bring a partner into a certain mental state - to evoke a certain emotion, attract or distract attention, cheer up, etc.

Types of relationships in society: social and interpersonal

In numerous articles on Internet sites, interpersonal relationships usually mean any relationship between people, including professional ones. However, recognized experts in the field of social psychology, both domestic (G. M. Andreeva, V. N. Druzhinin, N. N. Obozov, E. V. Andrienko, etc.) and foreign (T. Shibutani, J. Moreno , E. Bern, etc.) take a different position. It seems more correct to me. The essence of this point of view is as follows.

The entire variety of human relationships can be divided into two large groups: social and interpersonal, and they are fundamentally different from each other.

Social relations

They are of a role nature and develop between social roles, and not between specific individuals endowed with individual characteristics and characteristics of the emotional sphere. A role is a functional unit of society, and it is impersonal. That is, the totality of behavioral patterns of the role is in no way connected with a specific person. A person tries on a role like a suit. For example, in a work team there may be the following roles: director, deputy director, sales manager, secretary, system administrator, etc. And the relationships between them are determined by job responsibilities and stereotypes of role behavior.

The family also has its own roles: mother, father, husband, wife, daughter, son, brother, etc. Each role has its own socially defined pattern of behavior, its own functions, rights and responsibilities. They are related to the goals and objectives of a social group, and not to the personal qualities of its individual members.

Therefore, social relations are also not associated with individuals as unique and unrepeatable individuals, because the content of a social role does not change depending on who plays this role. Unless a bright personality colors the role, but does not change it.

Interpersonal relationships

A different matter is the interpersonal relationships that develop between individuals, which therefore differ in a number of features:

• They are based on feelings and emotional assessments by partners of each other.
• Personalities in them appear as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics of character and emotional sphere.
• Interpersonal relationships are formed gradually in the process of interaction between people.
• They are dynamic and can change over time, even to completely opposite ones.

A person can simultaneously act as a subject of both role and interpersonal relationships, and with the same partners. This makes the system of social interactions unusually complex and interesting.

Types of communication can be distinguished by the means used:

• 1) Verbal - communication through speech, inherent only to humans, has the richest communicative capabilities, but nevertheless cannot completely exhaust all the needs of communication, since it is convenient mainly for cognitive communication.
• 2) Nonverbal - communication through gestures, facial expressions, signs, drawings, tactile, sound, olfactory and any other non-speech signals. It is most convenient for conditional communication, and to a lesser extent for motivational and material communication; it is of little use for cognitive communication, but in any case it can contribute to mutual understanding between partners. It is found not only in humans, but also in animals.

Primitive level

As a rule, communication at this level is built if one interlocutor does not perceive the other as a person, seeing his counterpart as a “needed” or “unnecessary” object.

In a situation where the interlocutor is perceived as a “useful object,” the conversation is built from a position of superiority. And if the other person is classified as a “nuisance object,” communication is built in an even more dismissive style and may be interrupted without explanation.

In such a situation, one of the communicators does not think about whether his words will be understood correctly. He tries to speak more, louder and without choosing expressions. Often these are drunken, obsessive fellow travelers, impolite service workers, and employees of government agencies.

The only correct behavior when communicating in this style is to speak calmly and measuredly, if necessary harshly.

The concept and essence of communication

Communication is the process of human interaction with other people as members of society, carried out using means of speech and non-verbal influence and pursuing the goal of achieving changes in the cognitive, motivational, emotional and behavioral spheres of the persons participating in communication

Social relationships between people are realized in communication. During communication, its participants exchange not only their physical actions or products, the results of labor, but also thoughts, intentions, ideas, experiences, etc.

In everyday life, a person learns to communicate from childhood and masters its different types depending on the environment in which he lives and the people with whom he interacts. Moreover, this often happens spontaneously, during the accumulation of everyday experience. In most cases, this experience is not enough, for example, to master special professions (teacher, actor, announcer, investigator), and sometimes simply for productive and civilized interaction. For this reason, it is necessary to constantly improve the knowledge of its patterns, the accumulation of skills and abilities to take them into account and use.

Each community of people has its own means of influence, which are used in various forms of collective life. They concentrate the socio-psychological content of the lifestyle. All this is manifested in customs, traditions, rites, rituals, holidays, dances, songs, legends, myths, in the visual, theatrical and musical arts, in fiction, cinema, radio and television. These unique mass forms of communication have a powerful potential for mutual influence of people. In the history of mankind, they have always served as means of education, of including a person through communication in the spiritual atmosphere of life.

Man as a social being is at the center of influence of the entire set of manifestations and forms of communication.

Concept of personality, communication and interpersonal relationships

In the context of psychology, a personality is an individual who acts as a subject of relations in society, as well as as a subject in his own conscious activity. Personality also means a system of properties of an individual, which manifests itself in human activity.

According to R. Cattell, personality is a concept that characterizes a person’s behavior in a given situation.

G. Allport believes that “a personality is something, and it does something. Personality is what lies behind specific actions within the individual himself.”

Comment

As you know, communication is inherent in a person as a social being. Without the latter, no interaction with other members of society can take place.

Thus, communication is a certain process in which interpersonal interaction takes place. This process is determined by the needs of the subjects who interact and is aimed at satisfying these needs.

Communication is more important than ever in the modern world, as the amount of information increases. In addition, the number of “person-to-person” professions is rapidly growing.

Definition 1

Interpersonal relationships are a set of connections that develop between people in the form of feelings, judgments and appeals to each other.

Note 1

Interpersonal relationships are based on communication. As is known, the very first leading activity of an individual (infancy) is emotional and personal communication. It is with its help that the psyche develops rapidly. Communication passes through the entire development of the child, and next time appears in the form of a leading activity in adolescence as intimate-personal communication.

There are several stages in the development of interpersonal relationships.

1. Acquaintance. This stage is associated with the emergence of mutual contact and individuals’ assessment of each other.
2. Friendly relations. The emergence of interpersonal relationships and the formation of a basic level of trust.
3. Companionship. At this stage, a convergence of views occurs.

There are several main types of interpersonal relationships:

1. Industrial interpersonal relations.
2. Everyday interpersonal relationships.
3. Formal interpersonal relationships.
4. Informal interpersonal relationships.

Structure and functions of communication

Communication is characterized by: content, functions and means.

The specifics of interpersonal communication are revealed in a number of processes and phenomena: psychological feedback, the presence of communication barriers, communicative influence and the existence of various levels of information transfer.

The purpose of information exchange in communication is to develop common meaning and come to agreement. There are two types of communicative influence: authoritarian and dialogic communication. In the case of authoritarian influence, a “top-down” attitude is implemented; in the case of dialogic influence, an attitude toward equality is implemented.

The dissemination of information passes through a kind of trust-distrust filter. Such a filter acts in such a way that true information may be rejected, and false information may be accepted. In addition, there are tools that promote the acceptance of information and weaken the effect of filters. The combination of these means is called fascination. An example of fascination can be the musical, spatial or color accompaniment of speech.

The phenomenon of communication is monolithic and everything that defines it exists in an indissoluble unity, but researchers are still trying to isolate its individual elements. The study of the communication process has shown how complex and diverse this phenomenon is. For example, psychologists distinguish cognitive, emotional and behavioral components in the structure of communication.

Features and types of interpersonal relationships

Features of interpersonal relationships:

1. Interpersonal relationships are based on emotional and sensory assessments of partners.
2. The personality of each participant in interpersonal relationships acts as a separate and unique unit.
3. The formation of interpersonal relationships manifests itself gradually during the interaction of people.
4. Interpersonal relationships are dynamic and change throughout their existence. The change in the nature of interpersonal relationships can be dramatic “from positive to negative.”

Interpersonal relationships are usually divided into two main groups: negative and positive (positive).

Definition 2

Positive (positive) interpersonal relationships are relationships that are based on mutual trust and respect.

This group of interpersonal relationships includes:

• sympathy;
• attractiveness;
• companionship;
• mutual interest;
• friendship;
• mutual affection;
• Love.

The main feature of these interpersonal relationships is that at the beginning of their development they are not always based on common interests and goals; they are often completely opposite to mutual sympathy. That is, people begin to communicate with each other during work or educational activities. Gradually sympathy appears, people like to communicate with each other, common interests are revealed.

Definition 3

Negative (negative) interpersonal relationships are relationships that are based on rejection of certain personal qualities of a person, characteristics of his character or behavior.

Quite often, hostility can be unfounded, that is, a person is not able to explain why he has negative feelings towards another. The main reasons for these feelings are: various contradictions that arose during communication.

This group of interpersonal relationships includes:

• antipathy;
• hostility;
• mistrust;
• aggression;
• hatred;
• feeling of revenge.

Currently, in practical psychology they have begun to distinguish a third group of interpersonal relationships - neutral. The identification of this group causes a lot of controversy among researchers in the field of psychology. This is due to the fact that if a person does not experience any feelings towards another person, then there can be no talk of a relationship.

B.D. Parygin identifies 3 parameters of communication:

1) content and focus: communication can be identifying and isolating, promoting and opposing;

2) form: verbal and non-verbal communication, direct, interpersonal and indirect;

3) ways of connecting content and form in the process of communication: imitation, infection, persuasion.

B.F. Lomov defines the structure of communication through functions: information and communication; regulatory-communicative, affective-communicative.

Content

1. Concept, types and functions of communication 3
2. The role of perception in the process of communication. Errors of perception 8

3. Workshop

Correlate the proposed socio-psychological concepts and their definitions:

a) stereotype;

b) prejudice;

1) one-sided, distorted and, as a rule, prejudiced view, characteristic of representatives of professional, age, social, ethnic groups or classes;

2) personal antipathy or active hostility towards another social group; however, individuals may or may not participate in discriminatory activities based on their views 13

Literature 15

G.M. Andreeva identifies three interconnected aspects of communication:

the communicative side of communication - consists of the exchange of information between people, the transfer and reception of knowledge, opinions, feelings;

the interactive side of communication - consists of organizing interaction between people, i.e. when participants in communication exchange not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions. For example, you need to coordinate actions, distribute functions or influence the mood, behavior, beliefs of your interlocutor;

the perceptual side of communication - which manifests itself through people’s perception, understanding and assessment of each other.

According to its purpose, communication is multifunctional.

Psychology of communication

Contact between people is considered the most important moment in social life. Without it, many aspects of human existence simply would not have formed. That is why the study of this mental phenomenon, which has a complex stepwise structure, is considered relevant for all modern science.

The essence of interpersonal communication is the contact of a person with another person. With this, people satisfy their desire to exchange information. For example, when 2 people discuss a controversial situation or people in love whisper on a bench, that same contact occurs. Simply put, the existing problem or issue in the current case is resolved through communication.

Interpersonal communication is considered not only a necessary component of the joint activity of people, the implementation of which implies their cooperation, but also an integral condition for the normal functioning of their communities. In particular, consider a student group or construction crew. When comparing the style and manner of communication in these associations, both similarities and differences are revealed. The similarity is that communication appears to be a required condition for their existence in a given environment. By the way, the communication of the above-mentioned structures is influenced not only by the type of their activity, but also by other significant factors. Let’s say in a student group you need to know how everything is put together, check the collectivity of the group, as well as what dominates there, and other important aspects. The brigade, in turn, has completely different characteristics that differ from the students.

The specifics of interpersonal interaction everywhere depend on how everything is arranged inside, that is, how people react to each other, what their attitude is, how they understand each other, and so on. The communities to which an individual belongs develop standards of communication, set standards of behavior that the individual learns to follow every day when interacting with other people. These communities directly influence the development of his assessments, which shape his perception of other people, his attitude towards them and the manner of communicating with them. Moreover, the more effective the influence itself is, the more authoritative the community becomes in the eyes of the individual.

When in contact with other people, an individual can simultaneously act as both a subject and an object of communication. As a subject, he comprehends his own partner, determines his attitude towards him (interest or vice versa), influences him in order to solve some clear problem. Meanwhile, he himself appears as an object of knowledge for the one with whom he is talking. The partner addresses his emotions to him and tries to influence him.

Mechanics of Interpersonal Relationships

Psychology of Intergroup Relations

The complex psychology of the relationship between mother and adult son: tips

There are six functions of communication:

1) the pragmatic function of communication reflects its need-motivational reasons and is realized through the interaction of people in the process of joint activity. At the same time, communication itself is very often the most important need;

2) the function of formation and development reflects the ability of communication to influence partners, developing and improving them in all respects. By communicating with other people, a person learns universal human experience, historically established social norms, values, knowledge and methods of activity, and is also formed as a person. In general terms, communication can be defined as a universal reality in which mental processes, state and behavior of a person arise, exist and manifest themselves throughout life;

3) the confirmation function gives people the opportunity to know, approve and confirm themselves;

4) the function of uniting and separating people, on the one hand, by establishing contacts between them, facilitates the transfer of necessary information to each other and sets them up for the implementation of common goals, intentions, tasks, thereby connecting them into a single whole, and on the other hand, it can promote differentiation and isolation of individuals as a result of communication;

5) the function of organizing and maintaining interpersonal relationships serves the interests of establishing and maintaining fairly stable and productive connections, contacts and relationships between people in the interests of their joint activities;

6) the intrapersonal function of communication is realized in a person’s communication with himself (through internal or external speech, completed as a dialogue). Such communication can be considered as a universal form of human thinking.

The concepts of the structure and functions of communication are most directly related to various classifications of types and types of communication.

Interpersonal communication among youth

Adolescence and young adulthood are a critical period in the process of interpersonal evolution. From the age of 14, the formation of interpersonal relationships begins, in which attitudes towards subjects of reality play a different role: to older people, to parents, to classmates, to teachers, to friends, to one’s own personality, to representatives of other religions and nationalities, to patients and drug addicts.

The psychological world of a teenager is often turned to inner life; the young man is often thoughtful and fantasizing. The same period is marked by intolerance, irritability, and a tendency to aggression. By the age of 16, the stage of self-knowledge and self-affirmation begins, which is noted in increased observation. Gradually, among young people, the degree of what is unacceptable, as well as what is not accepted, tends to increase. This comes from the fact that young people become very critical of reality.

Problems of interpersonal communication among young people manifest themselves in the form of conflicts among students, which destabilize the emotional background in the team, in the group. Often, conflicts and quarrels among young people occur due to inability or lack of compassion and unwillingness to respect others. Often protests occur due to a lack of education, as well as a violation of the culture of behavior. Often the protest is targeted, i.e. directed against the culprit of the conflict situation. As soon as the conflict is resolved, the young man calms down.

In order to avoid such situations, adults are advised to maintain a calm, polite tone in communication. You should refrain from making categorical judgments about a teenager, especially when it comes to issues of fashion and music.

Adults need to try to compromise, give in in an argument, avoiding the red rag syndrome. It is especially painful if the scandal is observed by the young man’s friends or peers, so adults should give in and not be sarcastic, because only good relationships contribute to the improvement of relationships.

Types and types of communication

Communication is extremely multifaceted and classifies on a variety of grounds: by nature, by content, goals, means, functions, types and forms, by place, by time, by areas of activity, by the degree of indirection, by direction, by depth of penetration, by types of subjects , according to professional characteristics, etc. and so on. Thus, by nature, communication is divided into productive (creative) and unproductive (formal), by goals - into utilitarian and non-utilitarian, by direction - into humanistic and manipulative, by forms of manifestation - into direct and indirect, formal and informal, by degree of sincerity - open and closed, by area of ​​activity - business, family, sports.

When communicating with each other, we listen not only to verbal information, but also look into each other’s eyes, hear the timbre of the voice, intonation, and see facial expressions and gestures. At the same time, words convey logical information to us, and gestures, facial expressions, and voice complement the information.

When receiving a written message, we see not only the words, but also the envelope, stamp, paper, location and highlighting of the text, and font. All this creates the impression of the letter, either strengthening the verbal content or weakening it.

When characterizing the psychological goals and properties of communication, the following types of communication .

"Contact of masks." In the process of communication, there is no desire to understand a person, his individual characteristics are not taken into account, therefore this type of communication is usually called formal. During communication, a standard set of masks is used that have already become familiar (severity, politeness, indifference, etc.), as well as a corresponding set of facial expressions and gestures. During a conversation, “common” phrases are often used to hide emotions and attitudes towards the interlocutor.

Primitive communication. This type of communication is characterized by “neediness,” that is, a person evaluates another as a necessary or unnecessary (interfering) object. If a person is needed, they actively come into contact with him; if they interfere, they “push him away” with harsh remarks. After receiving what they want from a communication partner, they lose further interest in him and, moreover, do not hide it.

Formal-role communication. In such communication, instead of understanding the personality of the interlocutor, they make do with knowledge of his social role. In life, each of us plays many roles. A role is a way of behavior that is set by society, so it is not typical for a salesman or a savings bank teller to behave like a military leader. It happens that during one day a person has to “play” several roles: a competent specialist, colleague, manager, subordinate, passenger, loving daughter, granddaughter, mother, wife, etc.

Business conversation. In this type of communication, the personality characteristics, age, and mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the case are more important.

Social communication. Communication is pointless, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases.
Politeness, tact, approval, expression of sympathy are the basis of this type of communication.

Basics of proper communication

The inability to build relationships often becomes a problem in interpersonal interactions. If a person is afraid or does not know how to establish contacts, the development of connections is unlikely to be successful. Sometimes situations arise when a person cannot find the necessary words or expressions for a constructive dialogue. Because of this, misunderstandings arise in relationships.

The following tips from psychologists will help you learn to communicate with others faster:

1. You must be able to listen to your interlocutor and be interested in what he says.
2. A person needs to watch his facial expressions and smile more often.
3. When communicating, a partner should be called by name more often, when pronounced, its owner experiences positive emotions.
4. Speech is pleasant to the ear if it does not contain filler words.
5. A person needs to watch his intonation. An indifferent tone discourages the desire to continue communication.
6. A person who speaks clearly and beautifully is pleasant to listen to. When a person clearly expresses his thoughts, they will be understandable to the interlocutor.
7. People need to regularly replenish their vocabulary in order to correctly structure their speech and understand others.
8. If an individual feels fear when interacting with others, he needs to show willpower and work on his communication skills.

Any person is born and is in society throughout his life. It is impossible to isolate oneself from everyone, although a person can reduce the types of interpersonal connections and leave only the types of relationships necessary for it. However, only the successful creation of communicative interaction contributes to harmonious personal growth.

Experts identify the following forms of communication.

Direct communication is historically the first form of communication between people. It is carried out with the help of organs given to man by nature (head, hands, vocal cords, etc.). On its basis, in later periods of the development of civilization, various types of indirect communication arose. Direct communication is the most complete type of interaction because individuals receive maximum information.

Indirect communication is interaction with the help of additional special means and tools (a stick, a footprint on the ground, etc.), writing, television, radio, telephone and more modern means for organizing communication and exchanging information.

Direct communication is a natural “face-to-face” contact, in which information is transferred personally from one interlocutor to another according to the principle: “you - to me, I - to you.”

Indirect communication involves the participation in the communication process of an “intermediary” through whom information is transmitted.

Interpersonal communication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs with a constant composition of participants. It implies knowledge of the individual characteristics of the partner and the presence of joint experience in activities, empathy and understanding.

A special type of communication is mass communication, which determines social communicative processes. Mass communication is a multitude of direct contacts between strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media (television, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc.). Mass communication can be direct and indirect. Direct mass communication occurs at various rallies, in all large social groups: crowd, public, audience. Indirect mass communication is most often one-way in nature and is associated with mass culture and the means of mass communication.

There are also interpersonal and role-based communication. In the first case, the participants in communication are specific individuals who have specific individual qualities that are revealed in the course of communication and the organization of joint actions. In the case of role-based communication, its participants act as bearers of certain roles (buyer-seller, teacher-student, boss-subordinate). In role-based communication, a person is deprived of a certain spontaneity of his behavior, since certain of his steps and actions are dictated by the role he plays. In the process of such communication, a person no longer manifests himself as an individual, but as a social unit performing certain functions.

Communication can be confidential and conflictual . The first is different in that during its course, particularly significant information is transmitted. Confidence is an essential feature of all types of communication, without which it is impossible to carry out negotiations or resolve intimate issues. Conflict communication is characterized by mutual confrontation between people, expressions of displeasure and mistrust.

Communication can be personal and business . Personal communication is the exchange of informal information, and business communication is the process of interaction between people performing joint responsibilities or involved in the same activity.

In accordance with the established tradition, in domestic social psychology there are three different types of interpersonal communication in their orientation: imperative, manipulation and dialogue.

Imperative communication is an authoritarian, directive form of interaction with a communication partner in order to achieve control over his behavior, attitudes and thoughts, forcing him to certain actions or decisions. The communication partner in this case acts as a passive party. The ultimate unveiled goal of imperative communication is coercion of a partner. Orders, regulations and demands are used as means of exerting influence.

The following areas of activity are identified where imperative communication is used quite effectively: superior-subordinate relations, military statutory relations, work in extreme conditions, in emergency circumstances. We can also highlight those interpersonal relationships where the use of the imperative is inappropriate. These are intimate-personal and marital relationships, child-parent contacts, as well as the entire system of pedagogical relations.

Manipulative communication is a form of interpersonal interaction in which influence on a communication partner in order to achieve one’s intentions is carried out covertly. At the same time, manipulation presupposes an objective perception of the communication partner, while the hidden desire is to achieve control over the behavior and thoughts of another person.

In manipulative communication, the partner is perceived not as a holistic, unique personality, but as a bearer of certain properties and qualities “needed” by the manipulator. However, a person who chooses this type of communication with others as his main one often ends up becoming a victim of his own manipulations. He also begins to perceive himself fragmentarily, switching to stereotypical forms of behavior, guided by false capelin and goals, losing the core of his own life.

Manipulation is used by dishonest people in business and other business relationships, as well as in the media when the concept of “black” and “hero” propaganda is implemented. At the same time, the possession and use of means of manipulative influence on other people in the business sphere, as a rule, ends for a person with the transfer of such skills to other areas of relationships.

Relationships built on the principles of decency, love, friendship and mutual affection are the most damaged by manipulation.

Combined together on the basis of common characteristics, imperative and manipulative forms of communication constitute different types of monologue communication, since a person who views another as the object of his influence essentially communicates with himself, without seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him as a person. In turn, dialogical communication is an equal subject-subject interaction aimed at mutual knowledge and self-knowledge of communication partners. It allows you to achieve deep mutual understanding, self-disclosure of partners, and creates conditions for mutual development.

Forms of interpersonal interaction

As a social being, man cannot help but communicate. Even when a writer creates a book in solitude, even in this case communication between him and the reader is assumed.

The following forms of communication are distinguished:

Friendly interaction is communication at a close psychological distance, which brings mutual pleasure and joy. Love is an intimate interaction between two people that leads to the development of both partners as individuals. Interaction in a student group or interest groups. Relationships within the work team. Communication in a psychological support group.

Relationships are divided in psychology into official and informal, personal and business. Establishing relationships and developing them is a delicate process that depends on many factors; and, first of all, from the ability to build social contacts.

Interpersonal interaction in a group is difficult to organize. The possibility of the group breaking up is high here; Without a good leader who can smooth out contradictions and give the team the mindset for high-quality teamwork, there will be no interaction.

Some people can maintain good friendly relationships with everyone in a business environment. These are people with high emotional intelligence and experience in the field of communications. They are social leaders by nature and, with the development of certain qualities, can become good managers.

G.A. Kovalev gives his classification of types of communication based on a three-component model of communication.

In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal (non-speech) level.

Nonverbal communication is communication without words and often occurs unconsciously. It can complement and strengthen verbal communication or contradict it, weakening it. Although nonverbal communication is often an unconscious process, it can be controlled to achieve the desired effect.

Nonverbal communication is the most ancient and basic form of communication. Our ancestors communicated with each other using body tilt, facial expressions, voice timbre and intonation, breathing rate, and gaze. Even now we often understand each other without words.

Verbal (verbal) communication arose along with abstract (logical) thinking. In this aspect, these two types of thinking have fundamental differences.

We easily convey emotions and feelings without words. Without words, we can ask to perform simple actions, for example, calling someone. Transmitting complex information, as well as performing complex work together, requires communication using words. Verbal communication relies on language and grammar and can involve both spoken and written language.

We easily convey emotions and feelings without words, for example, without words we can ask to perform simple actions, that is, call someone. Transmitting complex information, as well as performing complex work together, requires communication using words.

Nonverbal communication is not as structured as verbal communication. There are no generally accepted dictionaries and rules for the arrangement (grammar) of gestures, facial expressions, and intonation, with the help of which we are able to unambiguously convey our feelings. Nonverbal communication is usually spontaneous and unintentional. Nature gave it to us as a product of many millennia of natural selection.

Therefore, nonverbal communication is very capacious and compact. By mastering the language of nonverbal communication, we acquire effective and economical language, for example, by blinking an eye, nodding our head, waving our hand, we convey our feelings faster and better than we could do with words.

We can convey our feelings and emotions without words.

Other types of connections

Some psychologists divide interpersonal interactions into other 4 groups. One of them is represented by rational relations. Such connections involve the receipt of benefits or benefits for all participants in this relationship. Emotional relationships are based on personal preferences and feelings, which can be both positive and negative. Relationships with a favorable psychological climate include love and friendship. Antipathy and enmity represent relationships with negative emotions.

Interpersonal connections can be equal. In this case, communication between members of the same group is based on equal rights. Such relationships are characterized by complete freedom of choice. In subordination interaction, a clear hierarchy prevails. For example, this could be the relationship between a boss and his subordinates.

Nonverbal language is also used in verbal communication, and with its help we:

we confirm, explain or refute information transmitted verbally;

— transmit information consciously or unconsciously;

- express our emotions and feelings;

— we regulate the course of the conversation;

— control and influence other persons;

— we make up for the lack of words.

When talking with a partner, we see his facial expressions, gestures that tell us what our interlocutor really thinks and feels. Non-verbal language helps us form a clearer and more adequate opinion about our partner: for example, tapping our fingers on the arm of a chair indicates nervous tension, and clenched hands indicate closedness.

Thus, communication is a complex process of interaction between people, consisting of the exchange of information, as well as the perception and understanding of each other by partners.

Conclusion

So, communication is the interactions and relationships that arise between various subjects: between individuals, an individual and a group, an individual and society, a group (groups) and society.

Communication is an extremely subtle and delicate process of interaction between people. In communication, the individual characteristics of all participants in this process are revealed in the most diverse way. The key words in understanding the essence of communication are: contact, communication, interaction, exchange, method of unification.

Communication has its own functions, means, types and types, channels, phases. Communication is extremely diverse in its forms and types (direct, indirect communication; interpersonal and mass communication; interpersonal and role-based communication, etc.).

Researchers pay special attention to two aspects (types, languages) of communication - verbal (speech) and nonverbal (non-speech).

Modern means of mass communication have contributed to the emergence of new areas of research into specific forms of communication of various types (telephone, television, radio, Internet, etc.).

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Levels of interpersonal relationships

Definition 4

The level of interpersonal relationships is the depth of a person’s involvement in interaction with other people (person).

The following levels of interpersonal relationships are distinguished:

1. The perceptual level of interpersonal relationships is the level of understanding and perception by partners of each other, awareness of individual personality, character traits, behavior and characteristics (gender, racial, external, national, etc.). At this level, interpersonal relationships between people are just emerging and developing. People recognize each other and begin to experience the first emotional reaction.
2. Mutual attraction or rejection is the level at which partners experience first feelings for each other (liking, antipathy, hostility, etc.). That is, there is a deeper acquaintance with the person.
3. The interactive level is a level characterized by the presence of emotional reactions that require constant feeding through interaction between people. So, if people feel sympathy for each other, then they strive to interact, collaborate, and communicate as much as possible. If, on the contrary, they experience negative feelings towards each other, then they try to avoid contact so as not to lead the situation to conflict.

Almost all types of interpersonal relationships go through all three levels of development. After reaching the third level, interpersonal relationships stop developing, as they have reached their maximum. In the future, the relationship may remain at the final stage, that is, people will experience established feelings for each other and their interpersonal relationships will be relatively “smooth.” It may also be that the relationship will change, based on a decline in emotionality and a decrease in the intensity of feelings for the partner. For example, once ardent love and passion can eventually turn into a habit or attachment, and strong hatred into ordinary hostility.

Often, people strive to maintain their relationships at a high level, for this purpose they resort to various tricks. This does not always bring the expected result; the situation can turn out completely opposite. For example, in order to revive the previous feeling of love, one of the partners may accuse the other of being “cold,” which as a result does not lead to a revival of love and passion, but, on the contrary, to the emergence of a conflict.

Manipulative type of communication

This type of communication is intentionally focused on obtaining benefits from the conversation. The interlocutor uses various methods: lies, intimidation, or, conversely, tries to demonstrate flattering kindness. This type of communication is widespread among managers and sellers who intend to sell a product that no one needs by any means and tricks. They can talk with a smile about how other customers were satisfied, although in reality everything looks different.

Functions of different communication styles

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Psychology first started talking about communication styles in 1939. Psychologist Kurt Lewin led a group of scientists involved in leadership research. As part of the study, a group of students was divided into three teams, each of which was led by a person using a certain style of pedagogical communication:

• Authoritarian, when the teacher alone makes and cancels decisions. Students' opinions are not listened to. The predominant methods of motivation are orders, comments, and punishments. This style allows you to react as quickly as possible to changing circumstances.

Authoritarian management style does not allow dissent

• Democratic, when the teacher makes decisions taking into account the opinion of the group. Management is carried out through requests and wishes. This allows you to create a psychologically comfortable atmosphere for group members.
• Liberal-permissive, when the teacher strives to reduce the level of his participation in the life of the class to a minimum. Students are given complete freedom to make decisions and control their implementation.

The study found that the lax communication style was the least effective. The children demanded instructions from the leader, lost motivation to study, and were extremely reluctant to interact together.

Note! It cannot be said that a liberal style of interaction with a subordinate group of people will always produce bad results. Thus, in a family where parents adhere to an exclusively authoritarian parenting style, children grow up with a weak position in life or increased aggressiveness. Democratic style requires a lot of time for joint decision making. Ideally, you need to be able to switch from one communication style to another depending on the situation.

The work of K. Levin is still used in pedagogy and management activities. Also, when determining business communication styles, S. Bratchenko’s classification is used.

Style Features:

• Dialogical style – cooperation on equal terms.
• Authoritarian – a person strives for constant dominance over others.
• Alterocentric – sacrificing one’s interests for the sake of the interests of other participants in the interaction.
• Conformal – characterized by the individual’s focus on imitation and adjustment to the partner.
• Manipulative – others act only as a means to achieve personal goals.
• Indifferent – ​​avoiding communication as such, focusing on “purely business” issues.

Additional Information. Your characteristic style of interpersonal communication can be identified by taking S.L. Bratchenko’s questionnaire, L.N.’s individual typological questionnaire. Sobchik.

Social communication

This is a very convenient type of communication, which consists of the fact that you can talk about anything, but actually think about something else. It turns out to be a kind of conversation about nothing. Just remember that your interlocutors are last of all interested in your personal opinion on any issue, and expressing it is considered simply bad form. Usually this type of communication is appropriate at all kinds of exhibitions, concerts, on vacation or during a casual acquaintance. Here it was enough to be polite, tactful, to express approval and sympathy.

Game type of communication

One of the most popular types of communication. It can be observed among a group of peers. The level of gaming communication assumes the informality of the conversation. All kinds of jokes and frivolous topics of conversation are appropriate here. During such a conversation, the interlocutors, for example, give advice to each other, tell life stories, declare their love, plan and discuss how to spend the weekend, etc. As a rule, only positive and positive emotions remain from this type of communication.

Psychology of Interpersonal Impact

In the previous sections, the problems of interpersonal perception and the formation of interpersonal relationships with a communication partner were discussed in detail, which in general is a favorable condition for psychological influence on a partner.

Psychological influence is the directed transfer of information from one person to another in order to cause a change in the psychological characteristics, behavior and other characteristics of a communication partner. The information conveyed can be verbal or non-verbal. In most cases, the psychological effect is based on the mutual exchange of information, influence and mutual influence, and mutual action. The role of psychological influence in practice is very great (for example, it can be used to control people in real life). In this regard, psychological impact can often be the ultimate goal of communication, which implies the formation of certain beliefs and motivation of the partner in interpersonal contact. In terms of content, the psychological impact can be educational, managerial, ideological, etc.

Recently, the narrow concepts of “personal influence” and “personal influence” have begun to be used in the socio-psychological literature. An interesting definition of personal influence is given by V. M. Pogolsha, who interprets it not as a process, but as “the ability to influence another in a stimulating, restraining, calming or other developing way, changing not only a person’s behavior, but also attitudes, motives, consciousness and even character". Personal influence, in her opinion, is manifested in almost every act of human communication and interaction in society when the needs for security, love, power and self-esteem are satisfied. When higher needs are realized (self-actualization, motivation to grow and help, service to others), the ability for personal influence manifests itself. It can be undirected (for example, through the influence of an authoritarian person) and directed. In the latter case, it coincides with the psychological impact.

In Russia, the study of the problem of psychological influence has traditionally been considered in theoretical terms as the study of methods of influence, and in applied terms - in pedagogical and ideological activities. Recently, the features of acmeological effects have been considered in the professional activities of A. V. Kirichenko. Abroad, the most famous are the empirical studies of Yale University -K. Hovland, dedicated to a comprehensive study of various conditions affecting a person’s acceptance of information concerning himself. In addition, foreign psychological literature studies tactics of influence and manipulation, the effectiveness of which depends on the status and position of a person, the psychological characteristics of interacting persons, the situation, and so on. Psychological influence can be directed at other people and at oneself (mental self-influence - self-confidence, self-regulation, self-programming, etc.), but this phenomenon is not the subject of this topic. Psychological influence can occur at different levels of the psyche: conscious and unconscious. We also do not consider methods and means of subliminal influence for changing people's behavior, although they are widely used in life (for example, in rock culture, pop art, advertising, etc.).

The systems approach to psychological influences is similar to interpersonal perception. It includes the subject, object and process of psychological influence. Isolating the above elements is necessary for a deep and thorough analysis. In real life, the initiative of influence can pass from subject to object and vice versa. The one who first initiated a series of influences can be called the subject (initiator), and the one who experienced its impact can be called the object (addressee of the influence, recipient).