Perceptual side of communication: psychological content

Perceptual side of communication

Communication as the exchange of information (communicative side of communication) Communication as interaction (interactive side of communication) Communication as people’s perception of each other (perceptual side of communication)

Social perception is people’s perception, understanding and evaluation of social objects (other people, themselves, groups, social communities, etc.). The term social perception was introduced by the American psychologist J. Bruner.

It was found that the perception of social objects has a number of specific features that qualitatively distinguish it from the perception of inanimate objects. First, the social object (individual, group, etc.) is not passive and indifferent towards the perceiving subject, as is the case with the perception of inanimate objects. By influencing the subject of perception, the perceived person seeks to transform the idea of ​​himself in a direction favorable to his goals.

Secondly, the attention of the subject of social perception is focused primarily not on the moments of image generation as a result of the reflection of perceived reality, but on semantic and evaluative interpretations of the object of perception, including causal ones (casual attribution)

Mechanisms of the perceptual side of communication:

Identification is an assumption about the inner world of a partner, based on an attempt to put oneself in his place.

Empathy is compassion, the empathy of a partner is an emotional response to the problems of another person, an understanding of the partner’s inner world.

Reflection - involves awareness of the individual, how he is perceived and understood by his partner. Stereotype - a simplified or distorted idea that a person develops under the influence of existing opinions in society.

Anthropological stereotypes are stereotypes of appearance.

Social stereotypes are professional and status-role assumptions about the psychological qualities of an individual.

Emotionally aesthetic stereotypes are judgments about psychological qualities based on physiological attractiveness.

Projection is a mechanism that manifests itself in the conscious or unconscious endowment of another person with qualities inherent in the subject himself.

Causal attribution is the attribution of causes. A mechanism for explaining the reasons for another person’s behavior based on one’s own observations.

Feedback in communication.

Communication cannot be reduced to simple transmission of information. In order to be successful, it necessarily involves feedback - the subject receiving information about the results of interaction

Individual features of a person’s physical appearance (face, arms, shoulders), postures, gestures, intonations act as carriers of information that should be taken into account when communicating. The face of the interlocutor or listener is a particularly informative carrier of feedback signals.

Often a fairly complete picture of the subject’s perception is given by his actions.

When interacting interpersonally, it is important to be open and sincere. A person interested in better understanding his relationships with others should be interested in the reactions of other people to his actions in specific situations, and take into account the true consequences of his behavior

Feedback is also a message to another person about how I perceive him, what I feel in connection with our relationship, how his behavior makes me feel. Giving and receiving feedback requires not only the skills, but also the courage.

Characteristics and features of stereotyping: how the perceptual side of communication is manifested in it

Perception is closely related to stereotypes existing in society. Their formation in the process of communication can occur under the influence of a number of circumstances:

1. The superiority factor. It occurs in a situation of obvious inequality between interlocutors in a certain area: in terms of financial status, social status, intellectual abilities. A person often overestimates the characteristics of those who are superior to him on a characteristic that is significant to him. Conversely, feeling our advantage, we often underestimate our opponent.
2. Degree of attractiveness. One way or another, our perception depends on the emotional component, in particular on sympathy or antipathy. Outwardly attractive people are seen as happier, more confident, and more successful.
3. Factor of attitude towards us. As a rule, individuals who treat us well are perceived favorably. Conversely, those who evaluate us negatively appear worse.

All these distortions can most often be observed when forming a first impression of a person. However, to build effective communications, it is worth remembering that stereotyping interferes with an objective analysis of personality.

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Communication barriers may also arise when transmitting information. They lead to distortion of the transmitted message and cause misunderstanding between the participants in the conversation:

• use of jargon, unfamiliar words, terms;
• the presence of emotional inhibitions (thoughts and feelings that are difficult or prohibited to demonstrate to another individual);
• lack of interest in the subject of conversation;
• differences in point of view;
• physical disabilities (hearing or speech problems);
• inability to analyze the behavior and state of a partner due to the characteristics of the communication channel (telephone, Internet);
• linguistic or dialectical differences;
• the desire to hear what one wants, and not what actually is;
• differing cultural norms;
• difference in worldview and worldview.

It is simply impossible to get rid of barriers when establishing communication. The spoken remark always reaches the addressee in a distorted form, passing through several levels of his internal “filtering.”

What happens is that during a conversation, the communicator encodes the text, and the recipient decodes it. That is, when wanting to convey information to the interlocutor, it is necessary to isolate its general meaning, which must be conveyed and then “encrypt” it using verbal and non-verbal symbols. When providing feedback, you can understand whether the transmitted ciphers were correctly perceived and interpreted.

To build the communication process as efficiently as possible, you need to know the context in which the dialogue is being built:

• In what social event does it occur?
• Is this formal or informal communication?
• Is this a chance meeting or should the interaction continue in the future?
• Are you included in the game format? Is the problem being discussed serious and real?

Based on the answers to these questions, you can choose the appropriate behavior style:

1. Humanistic. Aimed at mutual knowledge of the inner worlds of opponents, which generates empathy.
2. Manipulative. An attempt to impose your position on the interlocutor. The mechanism can be used in both positive and negative ways.
3. Ritual. Assumes the presence of actions expected within a given cultural framework.

Transactional analysis will also help to establish contact. This is a way of organizing communicative interaction based on regulating the positions of opponents. The personality of each person includes three roles: parent (talks about what needs to be done), adult (harmoniously combines desire and necessity) and child (relies solely on emotional “wanting”). To communicate effectively with people, you need to ensure that these categories coincide. Otherwise, there is a risk of not being able to correctly perceive what was said.

By understanding the context and choosing the appropriate conversational style, you can steer the conversation in the right direction.

Functions and purpose

The functionality of perception includes knowing oneself and a partner, organizing joint actions, and establishing an emotional relationship.

Perceptual communication is based on three components: subject, object and the process of perception. Perception research is based on two components:

• content side (characteristic features of subjects, objects of perception);
• procedural part (analysis of the mechanisms and effects of perception).

The content part is the attribution of character traits, reasons for behavior, and role in communication to the object. The procedural side reveals the mechanisms of awareness and the effects of perception (novelty, primacy, stereotypes).

Perceptual component

This component allows you to correctly interpret the appearance and behavior of your interlocutor.

Based on the information received, a conclusion is drawn about the personality characteristics and reasons for actions.

Without perception, communications would be quite superficial and ineffective. A person would perceive only the “external picture” - the image of the opponent and his words.

Real thoughts, motives of behavior, hidden experiences and much more would escape attention. It is thanks to social perception that it becomes possible to accurately perceive surrounding objects and build effective interaction with them.

This component is fully manifested when a person is free from stereotypes, predetermined attitudes and beliefs. They interfere with an objective assessment of a partner and in advance form a certain image in the mind, which is often far from reality.

It is also important not to rush to a conclusion and give yourself time to form a reliable assessment. Often people make erroneous conclusions about the interlocutor with whom they communicated for a fairly short time

A person’s personality can be correctly assessed only by obtaining comprehensive information about him and observing him in different life situations.

The perceptual component allows you to change an already established opinion about an individual.

Sometimes people meet a person they knew well in the past and are surprised to discover significant changes in his character.

Such an opportunity to abandon the initial assessment that was formed earlier appears as a result of understanding and accepting those characteristics of the interlocutor that are observed in him at the current moment in time.

Aspects

Initially, the perceptual aspect manifests itself in the visual perception of the interlocutor . From the point of view of physiognomy, there is a certain connection between a person’s facial features and his psychological characteristics and behavioral characteristics.

When communicating with an opponent, we subconsciously or consciously analyze his appearance and make the first assumptions about his personality.

Next, a certain emotional interaction . If the conversation is negative, then, as a rule, a negative perception of the opponent’s personality is formed.

If the conversation is colored in positive tones, then affection for the person is more likely to appear.

This is where the main problem of the perceptual aspect lies - during initial acquaintance, we can draw incorrect conclusions about the personality of our partner only on the basis of the current fleeting impression.

Reliable perception of another subject is possible only as a result of careful observation of him.

During communication, the words, gestures, manners, and facial expressions of the opponent are observed .

The received verbal and non-verbal information allows us to draw conclusions and come to an understanding of a person’s personality.

Functions of social perception

Social perception is a complex process during which people understand and evaluate the social objects around them (people, groups, communities).

As a result of such a process, certain stable images are formed in the individual’s consciousness.

Briefly about the main functions of perception:

1. Knowing yourself. Awareness of oneself through other objects. It is during social interaction that a person receives information about himself and food for thought. Often, the perception of the personality of the interlocutor helps to determine those inherent aspects of him that resonate in his own mind. As a result, a person reveals his hidden needs, desires, and doubts.
2. Knowing your partner. You can get to know a person, understand his views and beliefs only through communication at the perceptual level. This is the only way to get reliable information about someone.
   Gaining trust, establishing and effectively developing contact is possible only as a result of perceiving the opponent’s personality.

   Human activity is impossible without communication. Comradely, friendly, friendly, love relationships are impossible without communication.

Organization of joint activities. Understanding or acceptance by subjects of each other’s social relations is the basis for the further construction of joint activities. A clear understanding of the motives, attitudes and values ​​of a partner allows you to develop a model of effective interaction with him. If we are talking not about the interaction of individuals with each other, but about relationships in a group, then the role of social perception only increases. The joint activities of group members become effective only when they are all able to accept or understand each other’s attitudes.

Building mutual understanding. In the process of communication, people achieve mutual understanding, which is the cementing factor of any social relationship (family, romantic, business, etc.).

Finding common points of interests, identifying common views and beliefs allows you to find a compromise and enjoy joint activities.

Establishing emotional relationships. Man is an emotional being, so any social interaction evokes certain emotions in him. When people come into contact, they form certain emotional relationships: sympathy, hostility, rejection, joy, etc.

Goals, objectives and functions

The main goal of perceptual communication is to achieve mutual understanding between partners.

This leads to the following tasks:

• compose the content of interpersonal perception;
• promote mutual understanding;
• ensure mutual influence of interlocutors.

Perceptual communication is based on the principle of reflection, which is reminiscent of a scene from a children's cartoon about Little Raccoon, who observed his reflection in the water, evaluated it and made conclusions. The communication process involves the perception of the following elements:

• interlocutor;
• yourself;
• context of communication.

When conducting a dialogue, you need to assume what feelings the words, emotions, facial expressions, and intonations evoke in your interlocutor. Perception takes place at the social and interpersonal levels of communication.

The main function of perceptual communication is to achieve the very fact of communication, to establish mutual understanding. The ability to win over your interlocutor and understand his inner world helps to bring harmony to his personal life and correctly build relationships in the business sphere.

Mechanisms of social perception

The perceptual side of communication includes several important tools that allow you to establish effective interpersonal interactions.

Reflection

This is the ability to analyze your actions, draw conclusions from what happened and see possible ways of developing the situation. In building communication, it is relevant at the moment when we are trying to visualize the impression we make on our opponent. The result may or may not meet expectations.

To reflect means to be able to look at the process from the outside, analyze what is happening and try to get to the essence of the problem through rational understanding.

Identification

Identifying oneself with the interlocutor, trying to put oneself in his place and look at the problem through the prism of his perception. This mechanism allows you to better understand and accept the speaker’s position.

Empathy

Represents the ability to empathize and sympathize. The more subtle a person’s mental organization is, the more developed his empathy is. Such people can analyze the internal state of their opponent simply by observing his behavior.

Anthropological, social and aesthetic stereotyping

An assessment of an individual's psychological characteristics is based on various stereotypes. Thus, many believe that deep-set eyes indicate toughness and secrecy, and weak hands indicate a lack of hard work.

Personal status, financial situation, and external attractiveness are also taken into account.

Attraction

An assessment of an individual that is based on a stable, long-lasting positive feeling towards a partner. It promotes the formation of closer interpersonal connections: friendship, love, affection.

Casual attribution

Interpretation of phrases and actions of the interlocutor based on personal assumptions and previous experience. This is an attempt to find out the reasons for this or that behavior, but not through observation and obtaining information, but based on one’s own prejudices and conclusions.

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Interactive and perceptual components of communication

The interactive side of communication considers the characteristics of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities.

In social psychology, a special direction has emerged that considers the interactive side of communication as the starting point of any socio-psychological analysis. This direction - symbolic interactionism - is associated with the name of G. Mead.

Clarifying the social nature of the human self, Mead came to the conclusion that the formation of the self occurs in situations of communication, which is understood not as a set of people’s reactions to each other’s opinions, but as a joint activity. In the process of joint activity, a personality is formed that is aware of itself, not just using other people as a mirror, but acting together with them.

K. Thomas and R. Kilmann wrote about the possibilities and typology of joint activities, identifying the following five main styles of behavior:

• evasion;

• competition, confrontation;

• adaptation, compliance;

• cooperation;

• compromise.

The classification is based on two independent parameters:

1) the desire to realize one’s own interests and achieve one’s goals;

2) the extent to which the interests of the other party are taken into account and realized.

1. Evasion (avoidance, withdrawal). This form of behavior is chosen when an individual does not want to defend his rights, cooperate to develop a solution, refrains from expressing his position, and avoids arguing. This style suggests a tendency to avoid responsibility for decisions.

This behavior is possible for the seller if the outcome of the interaction (concluding a deal) is not particularly important for him, or if the situation is too complex and its resolution will require a lot of effort from the participants, or he does not have enough power to resolve the situation in his favor.

2. Competition (confrontation) is characterized by an individual’s active struggle for his interests, the use of all means available to him to achieve his goals: power, coercion, other methods of putting pressure on opponents, using a dependent position. If selling is understood by the seller as managing the consumer, and a specific situation is perceived as extremely significant - as a matter of victory or defeat, then this implies an assertive position in relation to buyers in case of their resistance.

Limitations to such a position can be plans for long-term cooperation with the client, when the seller’s local gain can turn into a defeat for him.

3. Adaptation (compliance). The seller's actions are aimed at maintaining or restoring a favorable relationship with the client by smoothing out disagreements at the expense of his own interests. This approach is possible when the subject of disagreement is more significant for the client than for the seller. This strategy is used if the situation is not particularly significant, if it is more important to maintain a good relationship with the client than to defend one’s own interests.

A natural limitation on the use of this strategy is that the client gets used to such a strategy and in the next interaction will expect the seller to adapt to his own interests and make concessions. This situation will be difficult to correct.

4. Collaboration means that the seller is actively involved in finding a solution that satisfies all participants in the interaction, but without forgetting his own interests. An open exchange of views and the interest of all participants in developing a common solution are expected. This form requires positive work and participation from all parties. With this approach, negotiations are usually held, the purpose of which is a comprehensive discussion of the issue, disagreements that have arisen and the development of a common solution that respects the interests of both the seller and the buyer.

5. Compromise. In a compromise, the actions of the participants are aimed at finding a solution through mutual concessions, at developing an intermediate solution that suits both parties, in which no one really gains, but no one loses either. This style of behavior is applicable provided that the seller and buyer have mutually exclusive interests, they do not have a large reserve of time to find a better solution, and they are satisfied with an intermediate solution for a certain period.

As noted above, for selling to be an effective communication, mutual understanding is necessary between the participants in this process - the seller and the buyer. Mutual understanding itself can be interpreted in different ways: either as an understanding of the goals, motives, and attitudes of the interaction partner, or as not only understanding, but also acceptance and sharing of these goals, motives, and attitudes. The latter makes it possible not only to “coordinate actions,” but also to establish a special kind of relationship - closeness, affection, expressed in a feeling of friendship, sympathy, or, on the contrary, confrontation, rivalry, hostility. In any case, the process of perception by one person of another in the process of communication, called the perceptual side of communication, is of particular importance.

Social perception is the process of perceiving so-called “social objects,” which means other people, social groups, and large social communities.

Based on the external side of behavior, we, according to S.L. Rubinstein, as if we “read” another person, deciphering the meaning of his external data. The impressions that arise in this case play an important regulatory role in the communication process because the success of organizing coordinated actions with him depends on the degree of accuracy of “reading” another person. Awareness of oneself through another person includes two sides: identification and reflection.

One of the ways to understand another person is to liken (identify) yourself to him. This, of course, is not the only way, but in real interaction situations people use this technique when an assumption about the partner’s internal state is built on the basis of an attempt to put themselves in his place.

A close connection has been established between identification and another phenomenon similar in content—empathy. Empathy is also defined as a special way of perceiving another person. Only here we do not mean a rational understanding of the problems of another person, as is the case with mutual understanding. Empathy is the desire to respond emotionally to another person’s problems.

Social psychologists note the following factors that interfere with correctly perceiving and evaluating people.

1. The presence of predetermined attitudes, assessments, and beliefs that the observer has long before the process of perceiving and evaluating another person actually begins.

2. The presence of already formed stereotypes, according to which the people being observed are assigned to a certain category in advance, and an attitude is formed that directs attention to the search for traits associated with it.

3. The desire to make premature conclusions about the personality of the person being assessed before comprehensive and reliable information has been received about him. Some people, for example, have a “ready” judgment about a person immediately after meeting or seeing him for the first time.

4. Unaccountable structuring of another person’s personality. It manifests itself in the fact that strictly defined personal qualities are logically combined into a holistic image, and then any concept that does not fit into this image is discarded.

5. “Halo” effect. It manifests itself in the fact that the initial attitude towards one particular aspect of the personality is transferred to the entire image of the person, and then the general impression of the person is transferred to the assessment of his individual qualities.

6. “Projection” effect. It consists in ascribing to another person, by analogy with themselves, their own qualities and emotional states.

7. “The primacy effect.” It manifests itself in the fact that the first information heard or seen about a person or event is very significant, capable of influencing all subsequent attitudes towards this person. And even if later you receive information that will refute the primary information, you will still remember and take into account the primary information.

8. Lack of desire and habit of listening to the opinions of other people, the desire to rely on one’s own impression of a person, to defend it.

9. Lack of changes in people's perceptions and assessments that occur over time due to natural reasons. Once expressed, judgments and opinions about a person do not change, despite the fact that new information about him accumulates.

10. “Latest information effect.” It manifests itself in the fact that if you receive negative information about a person, this information can erase all previous opinions about him.

The desire to find an explanation for human behavior (causal attribution) turns out to be included in a system of patterns that also influence people’s understanding of each other.

1. Those events that are often repeated and accompany the observed phenomenon, preceding it, are usually considered as its possible causes.

2. If the act that we want to explain is unusual, and it was preceded by some unique event, then we are inclined to consider this event to be the main reason for the committed act.

3. An incorrect explanation of people’s actions occurs when there are many different equally probable possibilities for their interpretation, and the person offering his explanation is free to choose the option that suits him.

4. The fundamental attribution error is manifested in the tendency of observers to underestimate situational and overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others, in the tendency to believe that behavior corresponds to dispositions.

5. Culture also influences attribution error. The Western worldview holds that people, not situations, cause events. At the same time, Indians in India are less likely than Americans to interpret behavior in dispositional terms; rather, they attribute more meaning to the situation.

People's perceptions are influenced by stereotypes — habitual, simplified ideas about other groups of people about whom we have scant information—as well as attitudes. An attitude is a person’s unconscious readiness to perceive and evaluate certain people in a certain habitual way and to react in a certain, pre-formed way without a full analysis of a specific situation.

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First impression mistakes

Information enters the human consciousness from three sources:

1. Visual perception, which forms a complex of visual images.
2. An auditory source formed by a combination of sounds.
3. The kinesthetic channel of management perception, built on sensations.

Important! Individual subjects of society are able to perceive and process data, focusing on three data sources. However, one channel is a priority; on its basis, the main perception, formation of thoughts, memories occurs

Modality (qualitative characteristics of sensations) in people (visual, auditory and kinesthetic, respectively) is formed individually.

Inequality

It arises against the background of a superior parameter that is subject to a positive assessment, or, conversely, if the subject is superior to the object of communication, the second is underestimated.

Attractiveness factor

An important factor is whether you like the appearance of the interlocutor. Under the influence of one factor, there is an overestimation or underestimation of the partner’s properties. With a positive perception of external parameters, there is a high probability of perceiving a person as an intelligent, interesting person.

Distorted perception of the interlocutor

Attitude factor

Social science says that people who have a kinder attitude seem better than those who have a bad attitude. Positivity generates a strong tendency to attribute positive qualities; as soon as the negative is included, the person will stop noticing the characteristic features of the partner and will begin to highlight the negative ones.

Errors in forming first impressions are called the halo effect, which is triggered by a number of reasons: prospect superiority, attractiveness and attitude.

The interactive side of communication

The interactive side of communication

consists in the regulation of behavior and the direct organization of joint activities of people in the process of their interaction. The concept of interaction is used in two ways: firstly, to characterize the actual real contacts of people (actions, counteractions, assistance) in the process of joint activity; secondly, to describe the mutual influences (impacts) on each other in the course of joint activities.

Interpersonal interaction

:

1) in a broad sense - accidental or intentional, private or public, long-term or short-term, verbal or non-verbal contact of two or more people, resulting in mutual changes in their behavior, activities, relationships and attitudes;

2) in a narrow sense - a system of mutually determined individual actions connected by a cyclical causal dependence, in which the behavior of each participant acts as both a stimulus and a reaction to the behavior of the others.

The structure of any interaction, according to N.V. Kazarinova, includes the following elements:

• roles of interaction participants;
• set and procedure;
• rules and regulations governing the interaction and nature of the relationships between participants.

Behavioral flexibility

— the presence of an assortment of ways to respond, the ability to choose a method of action. It gives you more opportunities to influence the situation.

Situations for using behavioral flexibility

:

1. when planning an action – allows you to identify a number of possible approaches;
2. when difficulties or factors arise that were not taken into account in advance;
3. when a situation arises that other people have successfully dealt with, use their experience.

Apperception

What is apperception in psychology? The term apperception was introduced into science by the researcher G. Leibniz.

He was the first to prove that perception is simply the perception of reality, and apperception is already conscious .

If we return to what has already been said, we can add that apperception, the highest level of perception, the maximum degree of which belongs to man.

The founder of experimental psychology W. Wund , based on this, proved that the main participation in this process is attention, as part of consciousness.

If attention is not focused on a particular object, awareness of it does not occur . But once the concentration of attention occurs, the process of apperception begins, which is the basis of conscious thinking.

According to Wund's theory of apperception, it was the ability to such perception that made a person human.

Perception inevitably depends on previous experience . Let's say that we generally consider many objects briefly, in passing, because we encounter them every day.

For example, in the morning we will not closely examine the kitchen table at which we have breakfast, or the scrambled eggs that are served for breakfast.

But if we try, say, an avocado for the first time, we will perceive this item differently .

Apperception refers to the dependence of perception on a person’s previous experience.

Moreover, this dependence can be expressed in completely different ways in relation to the same subject .

A child , seeing a circle, will only perceive it as a circle. A student will inevitably remember his geometry lessons. A motorist will immediately think of a wheel, and a circus lover will immediately think of an arena.

Professional skills are of great importance in the perception of the environment.

Let's say, a landscape designer, appearing in an unfamiliar garden or park, will immediately determine the components of this design, a gardener will note the well-groomed nature of the site and the moisture of the soil, and a child will look for places where they can play or hide.

Apperception is largely determined by a person's age and knowledge .

With age, the senses, which are the basis of perception, change, and not always in the direction of development. Hearing , for example, often gets worse with old age. But the child is born with good hearing.

Another thing is vision . It develops throughout a person’s life:

• babies have poor eye movement control and have black-and-white vision,
• at 2 months they consciously perceive depth and distance,
• visual acuity during this period in children is already adequate to these indicators in adults,
• at 3 months they acquire color vision,

Gradually, the child develops perceptual abilities, means that form an idea of ​​the world around him, when its individual manifestations affect the human senses.

The following qualities can be considered the main indicators of such abilities at different stages of a child’s development:

• volume of perception, it is measured by a certain number of objects that the subject can perceive, say, within one minute,
• accuracy of perception, which means the correspondence between the image of an object formed in the mind and the object itself in reality,
• completeness is the degree of such correspondence,
• speed of perception, here the time of final formation of the image of the object in the mind is determined,
• emotional reaction to the subject being studied.

To develop these abilities perceptual modeling , a technique with which in kindergarten children are taught to perceive objects as components of a certain unified whole.

For example, a child is offered an image of a circle on one of the notebook pages.

And on the other, there are many disparate elements from which it is necessary to select the constituent parts of the shown circle or other geometric figure.

If such exercises are performed regularly, gradually complicating the tasks, the student’s overall development (and not just perception) will happen much faster .

As the child grows up, a transcendental unity of apperception . This term appeared in Kant's philosophy.

According to the scientist, this is the unity of self-consciousness, which produces the idea “I think. ” It does not belong to the sensuality of the organism and constitutes a single whole.

It is the unity of our consciousness, its ideas and sensations that allows us to finally form the correct idea of ​​​​a particular subject.

Some people have a different sensory-perceptual sphere from others .

Its main characteristic is the concept of sensitivity , the formation of increased sensitivity of certain sense organs under the influence of certain conditions or innate qualities. For example, a sense of rhythm or musicality may be an innate quality.

But sometimes the ability to perceive is influenced by the sphere of human activity. For example, the sensitivity of the fingers of grinders and pianists increases with the moment of improvement in this profession.

Perceptual side of communication

What is the perceptual side of communication?

Perception is a person’s reflection at the cognitive level of the objects and phenomena that he encounters.

The perceptual side of communication, from a psychological point of view, refers to the perception of another person, awareness of the characteristics of another person.

Perception of an opponent can occur through understanding his attitudes, goals, motives and views. In this case, an objective assessment of another person is formed, the properties of which do not overlap with the properties of the cognizing subject himself.

On the other hand, in the process of perceiving the interlocutor, not only his understanding, but also his acceptance can occur. In this case, all values ​​and attitudes are shared and agreed upon by people.

When such acceptance occurs, close interpersonal relationships of various levels arise: affection, friendship, love, etc.

Using the perceptual side of communication, we “read” the other person. The success of communication with an individual depends on the degree of accuracy of the conclusions we come to. Incorrect identification of the interlocutor's identity can provoke misunderstanding and conflict.

additional literature

1. Andreev, V.I.

   Conflictology: the art of dispute, negotiation and conflict resolution / V. I. Andreev. – Kazan: SKAM, 1992. – P. 81-139.

2. Bern, E.

   Games People Play. Psychology of human relationships. You said hello. What's next? Psychology of human destiny / E. Bern. - Ekaterinburg: LITURE, 2005. - P. 7-53.

3. Vardanyan, Yu. V.

   Psychology of communication: textbook. allowance / Yu. V. Vardanyan, T. V. Savinova. – Saransk, 2003. – P. 15-29.

4. Cornelius, H.

   Everyone can win / H. Cornelius, S. Fair. – M.: Stringer, 1992. – P. 8-210.

5. Rudensky, E.V.

   Fundamentals of psychotechnology of manager communication / E.V. Rudensky. - M.: INFRA-M; Novosibirsk: NGAEiU, 1997. - P. 40-43.

Communication process model

There are several models of the communication process, the most famous of which is Harold Lasswell's concept.

This model originally included five elements, but Lasswell eventually added two more to it, changing the rest slightly. Original model:

• Who? (communicator, source of information, that is, the person who transmits information).
• What? (message sent by the communicator).
• On what channel? (method of transmitting information).
• To whom (recipient, recipient - this can be either one interlocutor or a whole audience).
• With what effect? (reaction to the message received, assessment of the effectiveness of communication).

Augmented model:

• Who? (communicator).
• With what intention? (Lasswell considered this question the most important, because without the motives and goals of communication it is impossible to talk about either channels or the target audience - that is, about communication in general).
• In what situation? (the situation can be of three types: favorable, neutral, unfavorable).
• With what resources? (resources should be understood as the communicator himself, as well as technologies, financial means and methods).
• Using what strategy? (Lasswell believed that every communicator should choose a strategy before speaking, and not just leave things to chance).
• For what audience? (if you know who your audience or interlocutor is, you can persuade them much more effectively).

How is the message transmitted?

First of all, it is worth saying that the information that comes from the interlocutor can be of two types:

• Incentive : expressed in a request, advice, order, that is, designed to induce someone to action. This urge can be activation, when you want the other person to perform an action. Or interdiction - when you want to protect a person from performing an unwanted action.
• Ascertaining : such a message indirectly promotes the performance of some action, but does not imply a direct change in behavior. At the same time, the intensity of persuasion can vary greatly: from a neutral to a very emotional tone.

However, one way or another, the communicator uses speech. It can be verbal and non-verbal.

Nonverbal communication is interaction between people without the use of words. Verbal speech is a natural sound language, that is, a system of phonetic signs.

During a dialogue, the communicator encodes information, and the recipient decodes it. This whole process can be explained using the following chain as an example:

(Communicator): Intention – Meaning – Encoding – Text (message) – Decoding: revealing the meaning (Recipient)

Before a communicator can convey a message, he needs to understand the meaning he wants to convey and then encode this information into verbal and nonverbal signals.

But how can the communicator make sure that his message is received correctly? This will happen when there is a change in communicative roles, that is, the communicator becomes a recipient, and the recipient becomes a communicator.

The recipient becomes a communicator and, through his speech, makes it clear that he has grasped the meaning of the message. Dialogue in this sense is similar to ping-pong, that is, changing roles. This can be represented as follows:

Communicator message – Feedback (interpretation of meaning) – Clarification, addition – Increment of information – Acceptance or non-acceptance of increment – ​​Feedback

Thus, the roles are constantly changing so that the communicator makes sure that the interlocutor understands his message correctly.