Psychological qualities of a person

Characteristics of the concept
Types of personal qualities

Social and psychological qualities
Professional quality
Moral qualities
Negative qualities

Personal qualities in a resume

A person as a subject of social and cultural life absorbs a complex of traits that determine the nature of his interaction with others and his position in society. Identification and adjustment of personality traits makes it possible to ensure the development of an individual’s life in the right direction that meets the goals set. In this context, personality traits are important when preparing a resume during a job search.

Personality diagnostics

To correctly determine the socio-psychological qualities of a person, you need to understand socio-psychological competence. The latter term should be understood as a person’s assessment of psychological phenomena, influence, knowledge acquisition and communications. Competence is usually divided into:

perceptual,
interactive,
communicative.

To diagnose socio-psychological competence in psychology, various methods are used. For example, the KOS-1 methodology was developed to identify the inclinations of an organizer and the ability to establish business and personal contacts in an individual, and subsequently use them to achieve goals.

It is not worth talking about competence without revealing its important part, called psychological observation. The latter is a way of obtaining knowledge through both the prism of personal and social experience

Such observation will become indispensable in the professional sphere of life and will provide an opportunity through knowledge to enrich oneself with certain information about a subject or object that should be used in professional activities.

“Psychological observation will become a necessity for practicing psychologists. After all, it will be with its help that it will be possible to apply complex methods of diagnosing a personality and to compile a psychological portrait of a person.”

Psychological observation includes:

a cognitive element that is able to select the right way of thinking for a particular situation,
empathic – necessary for selecting methods for finding mutual understanding between people,
perceptive – responsible for the internal organization of a person,
the reflective element helps to understand the meaning of one’s “I” and the interaction of this “I” with others.

Along with competence, which represents the cognitive characteristics of a person, it is customary to distinguish the emotional spectrum, which consists of:

the simplest emotions that are physiologically determined:
cold,
feeling hungry
drowsiness,
fatigue and other things;
momentary emotions:
rage,
despair;
emotions by situation:
impatience,
joy,
anxiety,
resentment,
anxiety;
psychological state:
depressed mood, etc.

An important place in the emotional sphere of the individual is occupied by the so-called “social” emotions. These are serious experiences caused basically by public opinion or the mood of the social group in which the person resides.

Such sentiments are divided into:

emotional,
rational,
conscious,
unconscious.

However, it is worth noting that social feelings can be caused not only through direct communication in society, but also in connection with isolation. The best way to illustrate this is loneliness, which relates to the mood criteria.

In general, a variety of techniques are used to determine the mood in society. The most common is the “SAN” technique, which allows you to identify the state of a person by marking opposite mood characteristics.

You can also use the expert visual determination technique, based on an opinion about the psychological qualities of a person. In combination with external emotional criteria, it is possible to obtain a holistic picture of a person’s emotional state.

Social qualities of the individual, social status and social role;

Socialization of personality
The concept of personality is used to emphasize the social essence of a person and an individual. A person is not born, but becomes one in society through interactions with other people through the acquisition of various social qualities. Thus, personality is a social characteristic of a person and an individual, which is based on and interconnected with his biological and genetic inclinations.

Personality can be defined as a relatively stable system of social qualities acquired and developed in the process of interaction with other people in society.

The most important social qualities of a person: self-awareness, self-esteem, social identification, activity, interests, beliefs, life goals. Self-awareness is the ability, unique to humans, to become aware of oneself in the system of social relations. Social identification is the result of conscious and emotional self-identification with other people from another community; activity - the ability to perform socially significant actions that manifest themselves in interaction with other people; interests are a constant source of activity based on needs; beliefs - socio-psychological assessments and perceptions of the world around them, they can be moral, ideological, scientific, religious, etc. Having life goals and the desire to realize them is the most important characteristic of a mature personality. The goals of life are differentiated into four main groups: 1) material wealth; 2) knowledge and creativity; 3) power, prestige, authority; 4) spiritual perfection.

Personality can be considered as the result of a variety of behavior patterns that are characteristic of any individual in a particular social group and society as a whole. A model of behavior, called a social role, is inherent in a particular individual in accordance with his social status , i.e. position in society, social group. All social statuses can be divided into two main types: those that are prescribed

to an individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities and efforts, and those that the individual
achieves
through his own efforts.

Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Therefore, sociologists use the concept of a status set, i.e. the totality of all social statuses of a given individual. But more often than not, only one status determines one’s position in society. This status is called main

, or integral.
It often happens that the main (integral) status is determined by the position (for example, rector, economist, etc.). The set of roles arising from a given status set is called a role set.
The social role contains two main elements: role expectations -

what is expected from a particular role, and
role behavior -
what a person actually performs within the framework of his role.
Any social role, according to Talcott Parsons , can be described using five main characteristics: emotionality, method of acquisition, scale, formalization and motivation.
Sociologists note the fundamental role that interests play in the behavior of an individual. In turn, the interests of the individual are based on needs. Need can be defined as a need, a person’s need for something. The main problems of needs analysis are to establish their full composition, hierarchy, boundaries, levels and possibilities of satisfaction. Currently in science there are many classifications of needs. K. Alderfer's classification, three groups of needs are distinguished: existence, connection and growth. D. McClelland identifies the needs of achievement, participation and power. These needs do not have a hierarchical structure; they interact depending on the individual psychology of a person. For example, the need for achievement, according to McClelland, denotes competition with certain standards of excellence, the desire to surpass them.

The most famous is the classification proposed by Abraham Maslow . He identified five groups of needs: 1) physiological (

life activity
)
, 2)
security
, 3)
involvement and belonging
(to a team, society), 4)
recognition
(respect and love), 5)
self-actualization (
self-realization, self-expression). According to Maslow, the needs of the first two groups are innate, i.e. biological, and with the third group, acquired needs begin, i.e. social. Human behavior is driven not by the need itself, but, first of all, by the degree of its dissatisfaction. The true essence of a person, the deep meaning of his life, is most consistent with social needs, the main one of which is the need for self-realization. An important aspect of needs analysis is their hierarchy. It is objectively predetermined, first of all, by the fact that the condition for the emergence of intellectual and spiritual needs is the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body. When the needs of a certain group are satisfied, they cease to be relevant and direct a person’s activity and the transition to the next higher group of needs is motivated. However, this dependence should not be absolute. The needs for creativity and self-realization may not always appear only after all other needs have been fully satisfied, as evidenced by the biographies of many outstanding people. Although some consistency in meeting needs undoubtedly exists, it cannot be considered the same for everyone.

Basic character traits

Character makes a person unique and helps to stand out from the crowd. Any individual is characterized by the desire to be accepted by society, to become part of a team, family or social group.

Additional Information. Nobody wants to be an outcast. Therefore, the need to be around other people is a natural human need.

To become a part of any society, an individual must not only perform useful functions, but also have a certain character. Knowing which hypothetical traits are welcomed in a group and which are rejected, it will be much easier to build communication with people.

Negative traits

Negative personality traits do not lead an individual to positive results. Negative manifestations of character are condemned in society. Among the main negative character traits, the following options can be distinguished:

selfishness;
greed;
pettiness;
envy;
malice;
deceit;
self-criticism;
cowardice;
laziness;
stubbornness.

Each of these properties can be diagnosed differently in people. In some people you can find the whole “set” of negative traits, in others you can find several of the most unpleasant “instances”.

How to overcome negative character traits

Important! Some negative qualities can be transformed into positive ones if a person works on himself. Example - a greedy person can become thrifty, a stubborn person can become goal-oriented, a self-critical person can become creative, and a lazy student can become painstaking.

Example: a greedy person can become thrifty, a stubborn person can become goal-oriented, a self-critical person can become creative, and a lazy student can become painstaking.

Positive features

Positive personality traits enable an individual to be useful, reliable, and valuable in society. Each era has its own list of socially significant character traits:

If ideas focused on individual success are promoted in society, then hard work, initiative, determination, self-sufficiency and independence will be important positive personality traits;
If collectivism is the main value of society, then individualism will be condemned and rejected in it. Qualities such as loyalty, friendliness, and stress resistance will be represented on the “pedestal.”

Despite this, there is a number of universal human values, among which the following positive features can be distinguished:

loyalty;
generosity;
justice;
modesty;
goodwill;
reliability;
honesty;
politeness;
sense of responsibility;
determination;
hard work.

Some positive properties can transform into negative ones. For example, a person cannot always trace the moment when perseverance becomes stubbornness, determination transforms into aggression, and a tolerant individual becomes susceptible to the opinions of others.

Important! To analyze the presence of positive and negative character traits, you need to pay attention to the attitude of others towards the individual.

The attitude of others is the key to self-improvement

Society is a kind of mirror that reflects the real appearance of an individual.

1.1. The structure of personality traits, material for a seminar on pedagogy at school

1.1. Structure of personality traits

Personal qualities combine hereditary (biological) and acquired during life (social) components. Based on their relationship in the personality structure, four hierarchical levels-substructures are distinguished, bearing the following conventional names (according to K.K. Platonov).

1) The level of temperament includes qualities that are most determined by heredity; they are associated with the individual characteristics of the human nervous system (features of needs and instincts, gender, age, nationality and some other personality traits).

2) The level of characteristics of mental processes is formed by qualities that characterize the individual nature of sensations, perceptions, imagination, attention, memory, thinking, feelings, will. Mental logical operations (associations, comparisons, abstraction, induction, deduction, etc.), called methods of mental action (MOA), play a huge role in the learning process.

3) Level of experience of the individual. This includes qualities such as knowledge, abilities, skills, and habits. They distinguish those that are formed in the process of studying school academic disciplines - ZUNs, and those that are acquired in labor, practical activities - SDP (sphere of effective practical activity).

4) The level of personality orientation combines social qualities that determine a person’s attitude to the world around him, serving as the guiding and regulating psychological basis of his behavior: interests, views, beliefs, social attitudes, value orientations, moral and ethical principles and worldview. Direction (together with needs and self-concept) forms the basis of the self-governing mechanism of the individual (conventionally - SUM).

Moral, ethical and aesthetic views and personality traits, together with a complex of corresponding ZUN, represent the sphere of aesthetic and moral qualities (conventionally - SEN).

These levels can be represented as concentric layers, in the center of which there is a core of biologically determined qualities, and the shell is formed by

“direction” is the social essence of a person.

However, in the personality structure there are a number of qualities that can manifest themselves at all levels, as if “penetrating” them along radii. These qualities, or more precisely, groups of qualities: needs, character, abilities and self-concept of the individual, together with the levels, form a certain “framework” of the personality. All groups of personality traits are closely interconnected, condition and often compensate for each other, representing a very complex integral system.

1.2. Knowledge, abilities, skills (KUN)

Knowledge and its classification. Knowledge is the practice-tested results of knowledge of the world around us, its true reflection in the human brain. The most common classifications of knowledge are as follows.

According to the localization of reflection, they are distinguished:

individual knowledge (consciousness) - a set of sensory and mental images and their connections that arise during the interaction of an individual with reality, his personal experience of communication, work, knowledge of the world;

social knowledge is a product of generalization, objectification, socialization of the results of individual cognitive processes, expressed in language, science, technology, material and spiritual values created by generations of people, civilization.

Training is a “translation” of public knowledge into individual

new

Based on the form of reflection of the ZUN, they are distinguished:

- sign, verbal knowledge, encoded in sign, linguistic form,

theoretical knowledge;

- figurative, presented in images perceived by the senses;

- material, existing in objects of labor, art - materialized results of activity;

- procedural - those that are contained in the current activities of people, their skills and abilities, in technology, the procedure of the labor and creative process.

The classification of knowledge by field and subject of knowledge is extensive; its largest sections: humanities and exact mathematical sciences, philosophy, living and inanimate nature, society, technology, art.

According to the psychological level, they distinguish: knowledge - recognition, - reproduction, - understanding, - application, - automatic actions, - attitude and knowledge - need.

By degree of generalization: facts - phenomena, concepts - terms, connections -

patterns, hypotheses - theories, methodological knowledge, evaluative knowledge.

Associative model of individual knowledge. Sense organs transmit signals to the brain, which imprints them in the form of memory traces - facts of perception, elementary building blocks of knowledge. At the same time, connections between facts—associations—are recorded in the brain (by contiguity in time and space, by similarity or opposition, and other characteristics).

Consciousness is capable of identifying the main and minor elements in these facts and connections, creating generalizations (concepts), recognizing connections and patterns hidden from direct perception, and solving problems posed by external circumstances.

The simplest semantic system is the concept. The concept is knowledge of the essential properties (aspects) of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, knowledge of the essential connections and relationships between them. A concept is not something that is observed, but an abstraction that expresses the internal semantic content of objects of knowledge.

Skills and abilities. A special part of universal human experience is the process itself, the method of activity. It can only be partially described by language. It can only be reproduced in the activity itself, therefore its possession is characterized by special personality traits - skills and abilities. Skill is defined as an individual’s ability to effectively perform a given activity based on existing knowledge in changed or new conditions. The skill is characterized primarily by the ability, with the help of knowledge, to comprehend the available information, draw up a plan for achieving a goal, regulate and control the process of activity. The skill includes and uses all related personality skills.

Simple skills, with sufficient practice, can become automated and turn into skills. Skills are the ability to perform any actions automatically, without element-by-element control. This is why it is sometimes said that a skill is an automated skill.

Skills and abilities are characterized by varying degrees of generalization and are classified according to various logical grounds. Thus, according to the nature of the predominant mental processes, motor (motor), sensory (sensory) and mental (intellectual) are distinguished.

ZUNs determine the so-called “dimensionality” of the personality, i.e. the volume of information, information available in memory, and basic skills for their reproduction. Intellectual skills in the application and creative transformation of information belong to another group of personality qualities—methods of mental action.

1.3. Methods of mental action (MAT)

All living organisms strive to solve the problems of existence, satisfying primary needs for food, procreation, and safety. Man has succeeded in solving these problems, creating a unique civilization - a synthesis of science, technology, culture, and art.

The psychological individual process that led humanity to the modern level of civilization is thinking.

Thinking is the process of human cognition of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world and their connections, solving vital problems, searching for the unknown, foreseeing the future. Thinking is the process of consciousness, the brain processing the knowledge stored in it and incoming information and obtaining results: management decisions, creative products, new knowledge. ZUNs - emotional and iconic images and their connections stored in memory - are the basis, a means for thinking.

The ways in which thinking is carried out are called methods of mental action (MAC). They can be classified as follows:

1) by the nature of the prevailing means of thinking: objective-effective, visual-figurative, abstract, intuitive;

2) according to the logical scheme of the process: comparison, analysis, abstraction, generalization, synthesis, classification, induction, deduction, inversion, reflection, anticipation, hypothesis, experiment, etc.

3) according to the form of the result: creation of a new image, definition of a concept, judgment, conclusion, theorem, pattern, law, theory;

4) according to the type of logic of thinking: rational-empirical (classical-logical) and rational-theoretical (dialectical-logical, according to V.V. Davydov). In addition to the term “methods of mental action” (SUD), pedagogical technologies also use the closely related term “methods of educational work” (Yakimanskaya I.O.), which denotes the area of procedural skills that play an extremely important role for successful learning. .

The most important general educational methods of work (general educational skills and abilities) are:

I. Skills and abilities of planning educational activities: awareness of the educational task; setting goals; choosing a rational and optimal way to achieve them; determining the sequence and duration of activity stages; building a model (algorithm) of activity; planning independent work in class and at home; planning for the day, week, month.

II. Abilities and skills in organizing your educational activities: organizing a workplace in the classroom - the availability and condition of teaching aids, their rational placement, creating favorable hygienic conditions; organization of work schedule; organization of home independent work; determination of the order and methods of mental actions.

III. Skills in perceiving information, working with various sources of information (communication): reading, working with a book, taking notes; bibliographic search, work with reference books, dictionaries; listening to speech, recording what you listened to; attentive perception of information, attention management; observation; memorization. A special group is formed by skills and abilities to work with a computer.

IV. Skills and abilities of mental activity: comprehension of educational material, highlighting the main thing; analysis and synthesis; abstraction and specification; induction - deduction; classification, generalization, systematization of evidence; constructing a story, answer, speech, argumentation; formulating conclusions and conclusions; essay writing; solving problems, problems.

V. Abilities and abilities to evaluate and comprehend the results of one’s actions: self-control and mutual control of the results of educational activities; assessment of the reliability of the presentation, the correctness of the decision; assessment of various aspects of phenomena: economic, environmental, aesthetic, ethical; the ability to test the correctness and strength of theoretical knowledge and practical skills; reflective analysis.

Thus, SUDs are an important component in the methods of educational work as a broader concept, including the external actions of the student (in the future, the concept of SUDs will be used in an expanded sense, including both external actions and general educational skills).

At the school stage of personality development, the level of SUD is determined by the so-called “learning ability” of the child, i.e. his ability to assimilate knowledge, educational material, the ability to apply an individual system of knowledge, the ability to solve theoretical and practical problems.

1.4. Self-Government Mechanisms of Personality (SGM)

Management and regulation of any processes, including pedagogical ones, are based on the principle of feedback: the subject of control (in this case - the teacher) sends commands to the performer (the object of control - the student) and must receive information about the result of the activity. Without such feedback, it is impossible to develop further corrective and planning decisions and achieve the goal of the activity.

A person, in relation to his activity, is both an object and a subject of management; encountering a hole on the way, he makes a decision, gives himself a command, goes around or jumps over it, while controlling his actions. This combination of functions of the object and subject of management is called self-government.

Man is a very perfect self-governing and self-regulating system. The level of self-government is one of the main characteristics of personal development.

The psychological mechanism of self-government is quite complex, but it is quite obvious that a person selectively relates to external educational or training influence, accepts or rejects it, thereby being an active regulator of his own mental activity. Every change, every step in the development of a personality occurs as its own emotional choice or conscious decision, that is, it is regulated by the personality “from within.”

The basis of the internal self-regulatory mechanism is represented by three integral qualities (psychogenic development factors): needs, direction, self-concept (Fig. 1).

Needs. Needs are the fundamental properties of an individual, expressing his need for something and being the source of a person’s mental strength and activity. Needs can be divided into material (for food, clothing, housing), spiritual (for knowledge, aesthetic pleasure), physiological and social (for communication, work, social activities). Spiritual and social needs are shaped by a person’s social life.

Directionality. Direction is a set of stable and relatively situation-independent motives that orient the actions and actions of an individual. It includes interests, views and beliefs, social attitudes, value orientations, and finally, worldview.

Interests are a conscious form of orientation that serves as a motivating reason for an individual’s actions. Cognitive interest is the desire to study and understand an object. Social interest is the basis of social actions of individuals or social groups, associated with the objective conditions of their existence.

Beliefs, views are subjective attitudes of an individual to the surrounding reality and his actions, associated with deep and justified confidence in the truth of knowledge, principles and ideals that a person is guided by.

Rice. 1. Self-governing mechanisms of personality

Social attitudes - readiness, predisposition to certain socially accepted methods of behavior.

Value orientations are the focus of consciousness and behavior on social, material and spiritual values, a preferential attitude towards one or another of them.

Worldview is an ordered system of views and beliefs of an individual (in

lytical, philosophical, aesthetic, natural science and others).

Self-concept. A person’s self-concept is a stable, more or less conscious and experienced system of a person’s ideas about himself, on the basis of which he builds his behavior.

As an integral concept, the self-concept includes a whole system of qualities that characterize the “self” in a person: self-awareness, self-esteem, self-esteem, self-respect, pride, self-confidence, independence. It is associated with the processes of reflection, self-organization, self-regulation, self-determination, self-realization, self-affirmation, etc.

The self-concept basically determines the most important characteristic of the process of self-regulation of an individual - its level of aspirations, i.e. idea of what

She deserves a “place” among people.

Types of volitional qualities

The “foundation” is willpower - a special state that can be called a kind of mental habit. It is not always congenital. In most cases, people have to train it: by realizing their desires and aspirations.

To give a more precise definition, it is the ability of an individual to mobilize his body and psyche in such a way as to realize a specific goal. If he does not deviate from the task, does not stop acting halfway to success and does not give up after the first failure, then we can assume that he has no problems with this character trait.

The set of features characterizing this concept includes:

Independence. This is the ability to work without outside help, as well as the ability to listen critically to advice, analyzing it from the point of view of one’s own beliefs and views. Such a person can organize his own activities. She does not wait for prompts, and also actively defends her own opinion.
Initiative is the skill to search and find non-standard solutions and ways to implement them.

This also includes willpower - the skill of maintaining the level of effort. In other words, a person maintains strength for a long time. After all, anyone can concentrate for a day, but persistently moving forward for many months is a more difficult problem.

Basic Concepts

This is a set of properties that facilitate the performance of specific tasks. This includes characteristics such as determination, strategy, perseverance, and discipline. They are relatively stable and independent of the situation. With the help of such a set, an individual can consciously regulate his behavior and take power over himself. They are often seen as a personal characteristic of freedom from circumstances, fear or laziness, which so often prevent one from achieving what he wants. I have already briefly outlined the positive aspects. But there are also negative qualities that indicate weakness: shyness and timidity, lack of initiative.

What influences the formation of personality

In an individual, these traits manifest themselves in varying degrees and intensity, which is why all people are different from each other. Imagine that inside each of us there is our own personal mosaic: everyone has it, but no one has one like you.

You will not find two completely identical people on the planet: each has its own peculiarity, individuality. This explains conflicts, contradictions and misunderstandings between individuals.

Capabilities

In everyday life, abilities are certain skills that allow a person to achieve certain results.

Abilities are divided into innate and acquired, and have a whole classification:

the simplest abilities - the ability to breathe, see, touch, walk. That is, this includes the simplest human actions and the work of the senses;
difficult ones are those that need to be learned. For example, playing the piano, drawing, embroidery. Acquired abilities are also called socially determined, since a person is not born with them;
general - present in everyone, but to varying degrees. For example, everyone has the ability to learn, but someone grabs new material on the fly, while others take much more time to learn the same thing;
special ones - not everyone has them and are based on certain inclinations a person has. For example, Mozart wrote his first symphony at the age of 8, something not every child is capable of. It is precisely such people who often become outstanding personalities;
theoretical – consist in the ability to pose and solve theoretical problems using abstract logical thinking. To put it simply, solve problems in your head;
practical – the ability to set practical problems and solve them. This includes developing a plan, breaking it down into large and small actions, and successfully implementing them in life;
communicative - an example of good abilities of this kind is a person who knows how to establish effective interaction with others: influence people, resolve conflict situations, achieve what they want, win over and find a common language;
subject-activity - the ability to handle objects.

Temperament

Temperament explains how a person experiences various mental states in connection with different life circumstances. Two people with different temperaments, faced with the same situation, are likely to react differently.

For example, they will both lose a valuable item. One will be upset, a little worried, and the next day he will smile as if nothing had happened. The second one will be so upset that he will fall into a depressive state, from which the best psychologists in the city will then pull him out. The example is exaggerated for a clearer understanding of what temperament is.

In psychology, there are only 4 types of temperament, proposed by the well-known historical figure - Hippocrates:

– this includes vulnerable, anxious people who do not take criticism well, who give up at the slightest obstacle. They get tired quickly, tend to become despondent and depressed (what is this?).
the type characterizes hot-tempered, unrestrained, quickly irritated people. Their reactions are impulsive, but despite this, they quickly calm down and continue to behave as if nothing had happened.
Phlegmatic is a calm, balanced person who prefers a state of inaction and contemplation. He slowly gets irritated, but holds a negative fuse for a long time. It takes a lot of effort to piss him off, but then watch out. The phlegmatic person is conservative, difficult to adapt to new conditions, but at the same time diligent and has a high performance capacity.
– this type includes cheerful, optimistic, easily adaptable people. These are strong personalities: an example of one of them is the person described above, who lost something valuable, but continues to enjoy life. According to statistics, a sanguine person achieves great success in society, since he sees fewer obstacles in front of him - he simply bypasses them.

Formation of socially significant personality qualities

“The world of values,” notes I. Sushkov, “turns into a special object of human activity when the goal. becomes the acquisition by a person of certain value characteristics, even if this sometimes harms the satisfaction of direct biological needs, but contributes to the development of the community. This can manifest itself both through the mastery of material resources that have value in the community, and through the formation of certain psychological, spiritual characteristics of the individual, giving it self-sufficient value in a given community” (108, p. 178). What specific socio-psychological characteristics of personality exist? Four groups of socially significant personality traits can be distinguished.

First group

- socio-psychological abilities that ensure both adaptation and self-realization of the individual in communication and social interaction. V. I. Slobodchikov and E. I. Isaev include the ability to deeply and correctly assess the current situation (social imagination), take into account the various positions of other subjects (social intelligence), and foresee the possible consequences of one’s actions for oneself and others

(social-perceptual abilities) (97). Social imagination

- a term introduced into Russian psychology by analogy with the term “sociological imagination” (the author of the term is R. Mills). Social imagination is considered as “a person’s ability to understand his own experience and determine his destiny, mentally placing (“imagining”) himself in the real framework of a given period of development of society, realizing his capabilities and the capabilities of other people” (103, p. 46). Today this concept is purely descriptive, speculative, but nevertheless practically important. If at the level of scientific research we cannot yet measure the level of development of social imagination in a particular person, then at the level of ordinary observation and everyday analysis, in most cases we can determine whether a person is endowed with this ability. It manifests itself in his ability to see himself in some real social context and build his life in correlation with it (in this case, it does not matter whether in agreement or opposition, it is important that social behavior is correlated with the context of social conditions).

Social intelligence

is the ability to understand complex relationships and dependencies in the social sphere. The connection between social intelligence and that mental formation, which in psychology is usually referred to as intelligence, is not as elementary as it might seem at first glance. On the one hand, like all other socio-psychological abilities, social intelligence is secondary in relation to basic mental processes and formations, therefore it depends on the level of development of a person’s intellectual structures. On the other hand, a high level of general intellectual development does not necessarily imply developed social intelligence. The latter is a specific, independent talent. An example of developed social intelligence can be people who are knowledgeable in complex, multi-step intrigues, developing multi-stage political combinations and

Strong-willed traits of people

Adjusting behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort makes it possible to determine personal qualities: the level of effort and plans for taking actions, concentration in a given direction. Will manifests itself in the following properties:

willpower - the level of effort to achieve the desired result;
perseverance – the ability to mobilize to overcome troubles;
endurance - the ability to limit feelings, thinking and actions.

Courage, self-control, commitment are the personal qualities of strong-willed people. They are classified into simple and complex acts. In a simple case, incentives to action flow into execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of motivation, drawing up a plan and taking into account the consequences.

Traits of people that characterize their temperament

The innate qualities of a person shape him as a social being. Behavioral factors, type of activity and social circle are taken into account. The category is divided into 4 concepts: sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

A sanguine person is a strong and balanced person who easily adapts to a new environment and overcomes obstacles. Sociability, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main personality traits.
A melancholic person is a weak and sedentary person. Under the influence of strong stimuli, behavioral disturbances occur, manifested by a passive attitude towards any activity. Isolation, pessimism, anxiety, tendency to reason and resentment are characteristic features of melancholic people.
Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic personality traits. They are quick-tempered and unrestrained. Touchiness, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability are clear indicators of a restless temperament.
A phlegmatic person is a balanced, inert and slow person, not prone to change. Personal indicators show how to easily overcome negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence are the hallmarks of calm people.

Development of personal and professional qualities

It is the qualities of a person as a professional that are the guideline by which a person’s compliance with his position, and in general, his field of activity, is assessed. An adequate perception of oneself in the team and the employees around is also an indicator of success as a professional.

A person who has a certain set of qualities suitable for his chosen profession develops much faster and achieves high goals, is confident in himself, and knows how to act to climb the career ladder.

Each individual profession requires certain professional qualities.

Despite this, there is a list of general criteria that employers pay attention to. Their presence is welcome in almost any field of activity.

Since not only his personal success, but also the development of the entire organization depends on the professionalism of each employee, the employer pays special attention to this factor.

Main professional qualities

The most important qualities are:

ability to work as a team with a team;
fast learning and flexibility;
initiative, but not focusing on oneself;
ability to complete a task without constant supervision from superiors;
the ability to defend and argue one’s opinion;
reaction speed and ability to take responsibility for one’s decisions;
ability to accurately follow job instructions;
communication skills and the ability to resolve conflict situations.

Professional qualities, like personal ones, are the result of the educational process. The contribution of parents, the general atmosphere in the family, confidence in a reliable rear as relatives help a person to feel confident, easily set goals and achieve them

The social sphere, the influence of teachers, friends is also important. However, the absence of traits instilled from childhood is not necessarily the final verdict.

A person can always independently develop the necessary professional qualities.

Social and psychological qualities

Every day people have to interact with society, expressing their own communication skills and a complex of socio-psychological personality traits.

The concept of “personality” already presupposes a certain quality, since each subject must independently develop a personality in his own person. No one is born a person right away. This process of formation is influenced by a lot of circumstances and, above all, upbringing, the street environment, and living conditions.

Socio-psychological personal parameters are developed as a result of the influence of interaction with surrounding subjects, the result of which is the emergence of formed beliefs and social demands regarding oneself and society.

Psychological traits and social characteristics are formed subject to the presence of communicative interaction with social subgroups. The social characteristics of a person reflect his fundamental traits, which allow people to occupy certain positions in society.

Social and psychological parameters in the personality structure divide individuals into three types: athletics, picnics and asthenics.

People belonging to the first type have the traits of a socially energetic personality who strives to be in the circle of attention. An athlete wants to gain the trust of others and take a leading position in the social environment. Such personalities are quite expressive.

People of the second variety quickly adapt to new conditions. They build relationships with surrounding individuals in society, based on the ability to freely express their own beliefs, interests, principles, while avoiding conflict situations.

People belonging to the latter variety are characterized by low sociability. They are introverts who do not strive to acquire connections, relationships and new acquaintances.

Social and psychological qualities of a person are determined by:

– the content of a person’s worldview;

– interests and needs, the degree of rapid switching from one to another or their stability, insignificant content of interests and needs, or vice versa;

– the level of integrity of such a worldview and personal attitudes;

– the degree of awareness of one’s own purpose in the social environment;

– an extraordinary manifestation of a complex of various qualities.

Thus, for a prosperous life, a person should invariably develop social traits and psychological qualities in his own personality. Since the level of socio-psychological parameters of the individual has a direct impact on performance.

What is this in psychology

The inner world of people includes character traits, acquired knowledge and skills. In psychology, human personality traits mean positive characteristics and properties.

Each person is an individual, distinguished by character traits, interests and needs, and the ability to set life priorities. This influences social relations and helps (or prevents) people from achieving specific goals.

To become a personality, a person goes through a difficult path of formation. The qualities of people are influenced by regulatory mechanisms:

external – needs, interests, directions;
internal – self-esteem, consciousness, respect, etc.

Note! Psychological qualities (character, temperament, state of mind) are important in a person. They guide the individual, make him capable (or incapable) of interacting with others, of performing a certain type of activity.

Personal qualities

Everyone comes into this world with zero knowledge and abilities, but with the makings of a temperament determined by the state of the nervous system and physiological characteristics. The further formation of a person’s personal qualities is influenced by the following aspects:

the conditions in which the child grows up;
educational measures taken towards him;
relationships outside the family;
even illnesses suffered in childhood.

Under the influence of these factors, some become phlegmatic and melancholic, while others become choleric and sanguine. Someone strives for communication, making plans for life and achieving goals. Others isolate themselves from the world and become fixated on satisfying personal needs.

Concept of abilities

Abilities are special personality properties that allow a person to achieve success in a particular type of activity. Abilities are formed on the basis of natural inclinations. Features of the functioning of the brain, the degree of sensitivity of the analyzers are the main inclinations of the development of abilities.

Unique ability

The level of development of a person’s abilities determines the success of a particular activity. In school classes, the teacher divides students into weak and strong based on the level of development of abilities. In a production team, the level of development of abilities determines the speed of advancement up the career ladder. In the sports section, the coach, based on developing the abilities of young athletes, assembles a team to participate in competitions.

Interesting. Having different levels of development of abilities, people use different ways to achieve goals and methods of solving problems. Through abilities, a person can transfer acquired skills from one area of application to another, using proven tools for various practical tasks.

General and special abilities

Psychophysiologists classify abilities into general and special. General abilities are necessary for the successful mastery of skills such as reading, writing, counting, and self-care skills. Special abilities determine a person’s success in creative activities and sports.

Important! The development of special abilities is based on general abilities. Without mastering general academic skills, a child will not be able to succeed in creative activities.

Improvement

The first stages are formed in childhood. And the education provided by parents plays a huge role in this matter. If they pamper their child, do everything he asks, and try to indulge him in every possible way, then, most likely, he will grow up capricious, in a negative sense, stubborn with passive inclinations. This entails a certain danger, since upon entering adulthood, the individual will expect similar parental behavior from others.

But if mom and dad initially set serious demands on the baby (not to be confused with despotic ones), then from an early age the child will learn to achieve the goals set. And one of the effective ways to do this is to send him to a circle. But it is he who should choose it, since imposing hobbies is fraught with negative consequences in the future

It is important not to completely control the interests of children, but to promote their development

Let's say a boy or girl really likes to draw. This means that such an aspect as passion is already present. But the second factor – patience and discipline – must be created. Therefore, it is worth giving your child drawing tasks, praising the results and providing a reward for achievements.

But you can engage in development as an adult, although this will be much more difficult if the habit of self-discipline is absent. Let's consider one of the methods step by step:

Select a tool. This implies the area where efforts will be applied: profession, interests and hobbies. The best option is to choose the area where experience is at zero. Then progress will be visible much more clearly.
Setting goals. At first they should be small. So, for example, a man who comes to the gym for the first time is unlikely to lift a barbell weighing 100 kg. It's the same in programming, writing or painting. If you immediately set global goals for yourself, you can quickly “burn out” without getting the desired result.
From simple to complex. As soon as you begin to confidently perform the simplest actions, then increase the complexity. Otherwise, there is a risk of remaining at the same level.
Write it down. Record successes and analyze failures. This will provide additional motivation and prevent further mistakes.

Formation and significance of personal qualities

It is customary to divide all qualities into positive and negative. However, sometimes it is necessary to show the negative sides of character. Let’s say that loyalty to the company’s management will not benefit a subordinate at all if arbitrariness begins against him. In this case, a healthy dose of aggressiveness can help you defend your own opinion, or end an unsatisfactory working relationship.

If you look at the topic of the article from a psychological point of view, then personality traits determine an individual’s properties, temperament, interaction with the environment and himself, and are also an indicator of his knowledge and skills.

Psychology differentiates personality qualities according to various criteria, and also identifies characteristic typologies depending on the totality of these indicators. The desire to put everything “on the shelves” makes it possible to “interpret” a person in literally a couple of hours of communication. Such skills are valued in specialists who are involved in personnel selection, but the ability to determine “who is who” will also be useful for the average person, because such a skill is necessary for self-awareness. By critically assessing your own strengths, it is easier to work on yourself. This means trying to eradicate negative traits by developing positive ones.

According to psychologists, human qualities are divided into innate and acquired. Leadership, kindness, aggressiveness, sociability - all this is already inherent in the human genotype and manifests itself long before school age

Parents need to focus attention on the child’s characteristics in a timely manner and correctly correct them. And all because acquired qualities play no less a role in the development of personality

They are formed in the family and in society.

Ignoring the innate qualities of a son or daughter becomes fertile ground for future psychological problems. Therefore, the ability to identify, encourage and eradicate certain personality traits will be useful to people who strive to improve their own qualities and be in harmony with the world around them.

To summarize, it should be said that the above list of main positive qualities is limited, since it is impossible to expand it within the framework of one article. However, there must be a golden mean in everything. It happens that excessive altruism has a detrimental effect, since sooner or later it leads to consumerism. Being humane, kind and sympathetic is good, but the ability to clearly follow one’s own convictions predetermines scrupulous work on oneself.

There is no doubt that the opinion of experts in assessing qualities is an objective factor. It is much more important to be self-critical of yourself and identify weaknesses and strengths for their further adjustment depending on the situation.

What are volitional personality traits?

The volitional qualities of a person are psychological attitudes developed over the years, experience and regular challenges to oneself. We can definitely say that willpower is not something you are born with; it should be developed throughout your life. Will consists of several components, which, in turn, are strong character traits if trained. The volitional qualities of an individual are realized in three stages, which contain individual elements of willpower. The elements exist both independently and complement each other. If all elements of will are developed, then an individual with such a strong character will be able to overcome any difficulties along the path of life.

The volitional qualities of a person in psychology consist of the following elements of character, which are included in the basic volitional qualities of a person:

Determination. It means a person’s ability to establish the desired result, to achieve which efforts will have to be made;
Initiative. The ability of an individual to direct his physical and moral resources to actions that will soon help achieve what he wants;
Independence. The ability of a person to “filter” the advice and suggestions of strangers, in other words, the useful skill of not listening to anyone, doing things in one’s own way, following one’s own principles;
Excerpt. In other words, restraint, i.e. conscious protection from emotions and feelings that act as doubts;
Determination. The ability to think, justify and make an unshakable decision. A synonym for decisiveness, although more destructive, is impulsiveness, i.e. hasty, thoughtless decision-making.
Courage. An individual can take decisive action despite his own fears and risks;
Energy. A person’s ability to direct his physical and moral resources to achieve a goal;
Persistence. An individual knows how to weigh his strengths so that they are enough to overcome the obstacles that arise on the way to the goal. However, perseverance has a fine line with the opposite, unreasonable character trait - stubbornness, which is expressed in the unreasonable waste of energy in an attempt to achieve one's own;
Organized. A person knows how to manage his time, distribute physical and material resources for the benefit of the cause;
Discipline. An individual can and does subordinate his own behavior in favor of generally accepted norms and order;
Self-control. A person has power over his emotions, controls his feelings, and is able to “filter” them based on the decisions he makes.

A strong-willed person knows how to weigh the pros and cons

How can a person develop personality traits?

Personality formation begins from the first years of life. Subsequently, the quality can only be adjusted. Work should be carried out in several directions: from establishing body language to developing individual abilities that are a priority in the chosen profession.

Without an active life position, way of existence, direction of actions, control of emotions and desires, it is impossible to achieve the desired level of development. The formation of positive personality traits should be based on the development of intelligence and increasing the level of culture.

We need to start with self-analysis

There are several methods, the first step is always the same - analyzing your own state. It helps you decide on the qualities that should be developed. An adequate assessment of personal significance will help set a goal, decide on a role model and develop ways to achieve results.

You can’t do this without self-discipline and self-confidence. Forming yourself as an individual is a long process, but it is worth putting in the effort.