Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics (Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic)

We all behave differently in difficult situations, work at different paces, and react to criticism. These differences are largely due to the type of nervous system. The type of nervous system can be strong or weak, inert or mobile, balanced and unbalanced.

The characteristics of the nervous system determine the known types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.

According to I.P. Pavlov, the strength of the nervous system is an innate indicator. It is used to indicate the endurance and performance of nerve cells.

The strength of the nervous system “reflects the ability of nerve cells to withstand, without going into an inhibitory state, either very strong or prolonged, although not strong, excitation.”

A feedback relationship between the strength of the nervous system and sensitivity was established. Individuals with a strong nervous system are characterized by a low level of analyzer sensitivity. And a weaker nervous system is more sensitive, that is, it is able to respond to stimuli of lower intensity than a strong one.

Strong type of nervous system

A strong nervous system can withstand a greater load and duration than a weak one.

High efficiency. A person with a strong nervous system is characterized by high performance and low susceptibility to fatigue.

Multitasking. There is also the ability to remember and care about performing several types of tasks simultaneously for a long period of time, that is, to distribute one’s attention well.

Ability to take a hit. A distinctive property of a strong nervous system is the ability to tolerate extremely strong stimuli, remain calm and cool in stressful situations. Emergency, control - such situations mobilize people with a strong nervous system.

Mobilization and safety margin. In situations of intense activity and increased responsibility, an improvement in performance efficiency is observed. Can work in noisy environments. They achieve their best results, as a rule, under conditions of increased motivation.

Routine is depressing. But in the conditions of ordinary, everyday activities, when performing monotonous work, they develop a state of boredom and efficiency decreases, so they achieve their best results, as a rule, in conditions of increased motivation.

Ignores weak signals. Sensitivity is determined by the minimum value of the stimulus that causes an excitation reaction. People with a strong nervous system require a stronger signal for this.

Higher nervous activity

VND is the work of all subcortical formations and the cerebral cortex. This is a fairly broad concept that includes:

• Mental activity.
• Features of behavior.

Each person has his own distinctive behavior, views and beliefs, habits that are formed throughout his life. All these features are based on a system of conditioned reflexes; they are formed under the influence of the environment and the hereditary characteristics of the nervous system.

Pavlov worked on VND for a long time; he developed an objective method for studying the work of the higher parts of the nervous system. Also, in the course of his research, he studied the mechanisms underlying the work of the higher structures of the nervous system and proved experimentally that these are conditioned reflexes.

Weak type of nervous system

Fast fatiguability. A person with a weak nervous system is characterized by rapid fatigue, the need for additional breaks for rest, and a sharp decrease in work productivity against the background of distractions and interference.

There is an inability to distribute attention between several things at the same time.

Doesn't cope well with stress . In situations of intense activity, work efficiency decreases, anxiety and uncertainty arise. A weak nervous system is not able to tolerate super-strong stimuli. It either turns off immediately (the inhibitory process prevails over excitation), or it is “carried away” without any brakes, with unpredictable consequences (inhibition does not have time to cope with excitation).

Systematization and control. A weak nervous system is characterized by high resistance to monotony, therefore representatives of the weak type achieve better results in everyday, habitual activities. They work successfully according to the algorithm. There is the ability to plan activities, systematize, and carefully monitor the work done.

Increased sensitivity. A weak nervous system has the ability to respond to ultra-weak signals and distinguish between similar stimuli. It is precisely high sensitivity that determines that some people are able to notice the subtleties of shades, sounds, smells, as well as statements and interpersonal relationships.

by Paul Apal'kin

Types of GNI

Mental processes and behavioral reactions of each person have their own individual characteristics. The combination of strength, mobility and balance determines the type of GNI. There are several distinctions:

1. Strong, agile and balanced.
2. Strong and unbalanced.
3. Strong, balanced, inert.
4. Weak type.

GNI are also functions related to speech, therefore a person has types that are characteristic only for him, and they are associated with the interaction of the first and second signaling systems:

1. Thoughtful. The second signaling system comes to the fore. Such people have well-developed abstract thinking.
2. Artistic type. The 1st signal system is clearly visible.
3. Average. Both systems are balanced.

The physiology of GND is such that the hereditary characteristics of the course of mental processes can undergo changes under the influence of upbringing, this is due to the fact that there is such a quality as plasticity.

Other characteristics of the nervous system

Nervous system mobility

Mobility is a property of the nervous system, which manifests itself in the speed and ease of a person’s adaptation to new conditions, in the speed and ease of his transition from one state to another, from rest to activity and back. The mobility of nervous processes affects the speed of thinking, perception, and memorization.

Mobile type of nervous system

People with a mobile nervous system tend to easily and quickly learn new material, but just as quickly forget it; they easily and quickly get used to new conditions, love the novelty of the situation and new acquaintances.

Inert type of nervous system

People with an inert nervous system master new material slowly, but this mastery is more durable. They are difficult to master, they move more slowly from a state of rest to a state of activity, such people are often accused of being slow.

"Invasion" by Paul Apalkin

Balance of the nervous system

Balance is a property of the nervous system, which manifests itself in the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Unbalanced type of nervous system

Excitement predominates; it is easier for such people to show external activity than to restrain themselves; they quickly make decisions and take action, sometimes without even having time to think everything through.

Balanced type of nervous system

Inhibition predominates, which is expressed in patience, the ability to effectively suppress inappropriate impulses; excessive constraint of behavior is also possible.”

Methods for classifying psychotypes

There are several concepts for classifying psychotypes. Some of them are already outdated.

According to the processes of excitation-inhibition

Personality typology I.P. Pavlova is based on the fact that human behavior directly depends on the basic nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. The main parameters of these processes in various combinations form four types of higher nervous activity:

• sanguine - strong, balanced, agile type;
• phlegmatic - strong, balanced, inert type;
• choleric - strong, unbalanced, mobile;
• the only weak type is the melancholic.

Strength is the ability of the nervous system to resist the effects of strong stimuli. A strong nervous system is characterized by good performance, restraint, patience and perseverance. Weak ones are characterized by rapid fatigue, low endurance, and anxiety.

Balance depends on the correlation of excitation and inhibition with each other. A person with a balanced nervous system has discipline and the absence of sharp emotional fluctuations. An unbalanced person is incapable of waiting and suffers from sleep disorders.

Mobility determines the rate of alternation of inhibition and excitation. An active temperament is characterized by rapid adaptation, mental agility, active motor skills and speech articulation.

Galen's typology

The ancient physician Gallen suggested that the stable individual characteristics of a person and his behavior are in correlation with chemical processes in the body and depend on the predominance of one of the vital fluids in it. He identified the following types of temperaments:

1. A phlegmatic person is a person whose body is dominated by viscous lymph (phlegm) - calm and slow.
2. Choleric is a person who produces a lot of bitter bile (“chole” in other Greek) - hysterical, hot-tempered, rude.
3. A sanguine person is an individual whose body is dominated by blood (“sangvis” in Latin) - active, cheerful.
4. A melancholic person is one who has the most black bile in the body (“melena chole” in Greek) - anxious, sad, withdrawn.

According to the ratio of signaling systems

The first signaling system is conditioned reflexes that arise under certain environmental conditions. These are impressions and sensations from external conditions - natural and social, which allow you to form your own idea of ​​​​the current situation and surrounding objects.

The second signaling system is higher, abstract thinking, closely connected with speech, which allows one to escape from reality and allows generalization

The typology in this case is based on the ratio of 1 and 2 signaling systems, as a result of which the following psychotypes are distinguished:

1. Art. It is characterized by the predominance of conditioned reflexes over abstract thinking. A person with an artistic temperament perceives the surrounding reality figuratively, relying on feelings.
2. Thoughtful. This psychotype is characterized by a predominance of abstract thinking over reflexes. People with this temperament are able to build logical chains and think abstractly.
3. Harmonious. This is an intermediate psychotype, which is characterized by balance, an equal ratio of 1 and 2 signal systems. The majority of people belong to this type.

Kretschmer's constitutional theory

E. Kretschmer's constitutional typology of temperaments is based on the relationship between the structure of the body and the mental characteristics of a person. Depending on the prevailing emotional reactions, Kretschmer identified 2 groups of people

1. Diadetic, which is characterized by changes in mood on the “cheerful-sad” scale. People from this group have a cyclothymic type of temperament with signs of the behavior of patients with manic-depressive syndrome: mood swings from joy to sadness, sociability, and a realistic view of the world.
2. Psychoaesthetic, which is characterized by a change in sensitivity on the “sensitive-insensitive” scale. They are characterized by a schizothymic (close to schizophrenia) type of temperament. These are closed people, prone to emotional fluctuations from irritation to indifference, to abstraction, stubborn people who do not adapt well to new conditions and surroundings.

Types of nervous system and temperament

Characteristics of temperament types - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic

Types of the nervous system. Strong and weak type

Published: 12/20/2018
We all behave differently in difficult situations, work at different paces, and react to criticism. These differences are largely due to the type of nervous system. The type of nervous system can be strong or weak, inert or mobile, balanced and unbalanced. The characteristics of the nervous system determine the known types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic. According to I.P. Pavlov, the strength of the nervous system is...

no comments yet

Temperament types

From the history of the issue

– Oksana Nikolaevna, why are there four types of temperament?

– Back in the fifth century BC, Hippocrates noted the presence in humans of four main substances or “body juices”: blood, bile, black bile and mucus (lymph). Greco-Arab-Persian medicine was based on the recognition of the four elements of nature: water, fire, earth and air, to which the above “body juices” corresponded. The combination (temperamentum, i.e. mixture) of these substances determines the characteristics of human behavior. Hippocrates outlined this idea in his works on the classification of temperaments, distinguishing four main types of temperament in accordance with the substance predominant in the body:

• sanguine is associated with a predominance of blood (sanguis);
• choleric with bile (chole);
• melancholic with black bile (melaina chole);
• phlegmatic with mucus (phlegma).

The ancient Greek scientist believed that hot blood – “sangvis” – makes a person decisive, energetic, able to respond to changes in living conditions, while maintaining balance in his actions. Caustic bile – “chole” – contributes to the appearance of short temper, irritability, and nervousness. Phlegm (mucus) determines the traits of composure, slowness, and balance. Black bile “melancholy” makes a person fearful, indecisive, weak-hearted.

Personality typology according to V. I. Zatsepin

Published: 09/29/2018
Our former compatriot, now living in Australia, summarizing Western literary data, gives a description of eight basic, from his point of view, personality types: infantile; authoritarian; Machiavellian; accumulative; adventurous; flexible; altruistic; creative (Zatsepin, 2002). Infantile The infantile personality type (psychopath) is characterized by social underdevelopment: dishonesty and lack of empathy. People of this type are quiet, polite, courteous, even charming and at the same time...

no comments yet

Personality types according to A. Miller

Published: 09/29/2018
A. Miller (1991) created a typology based on a combination of personality traits. He used three dimensions of personality traits: cognitive, affective, and conative. Cognitive dimension - analyticity - holisticity (in other concepts it is analyticity - syntheticity), i.e. the tendency to focus on the whole or parts. The affective dimension is represented by emotional stability—instability, which is determined through the intensity of emotional reactions.…

no comments yet

Personality types according to E. Fromm

Published: 09.29.2018
This American psychologist believed that early childhood and family relationships are the determining factors in the formation of personality. Therefore, the five personality types he identified (consumer, exploitative, accumulative, market and productive) rather reflect the influence of social rather than innate factors (E. Fromm, 1964). Consumer type A person believes that the source of all benefits is external, and is determined to...

no comments yet

Personality types according to D. Keirsey

Published: 09/29/2018
Another approach to the classification of personality types is the approach of D. Keirsey (1956). Keirsey developed and supplemented the concept of Carl Gustav Jung, taking into account the latest achievements of both cognitive-behavioral and existential-humanistic psychology. As a result, he created an idea of ​​four integral types of temperament, differing in the most significant and stable psychological characteristics - from the value-motivational structure to the observed style of behavior. Author…

no comments yet

What is temperament?

Temperament implies the mental differences of people, which include the depth, intensity and stability of emotions, energy and pace of actions, emotional sensitivity and many other features of mental life. And the problem of temperament today remains controversial and unresolved. But even if we take into account all the diversity of approaches to its study, researchers agree that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person’s personality as a social being is based.

Temperament is a reflection of the dynamic aspects of behavior, which are mainly innate. Its properties are more stable than the properties of other mental characteristics of a person. And its most striking nuance is that the properties of the temperament of one particular person are not combined with each other by chance - they are interconnected naturally and form a certain conglomerate that characterizes the temperament.

To summarize: temperament must be considered as individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of an individual’s mental activity; manifested equally in various activities, regardless of its motives, goals and content, and remaining unchanged already in adulthood, and also characterizing in the aggregate the type of temperament.

However, before considering the types of temperament and their features, it should be said that temperament cannot be bad or good, because Each type has its own advantages, and the efforts of any person should be aimed not at correcting its shortcomings, but at effectively applying its advantages in everyday life and activities.

Personality types according to I.L. Zelenkova and E.V. Belyaeva

Published: 09.29.2018
According to the works of I.L. Zelenkova and E.V. Belyaeva, there is a classification of moral personality types that lifts the curtain on people’s actions and their motivation. In total, the authors describe five personality types. It often happens that one person may have a mixture of several moral personality types with a predominance of certain traits. One way or another, all this is reflected in human manifestations that allow...

no comments yet

Types of rationality

Published: 09/29/2018
Researchers of rationality today propose to distinguish three types of it: the classical type of rationality, the non-classical type of rationality, the post-non-classical type of rationality.
Types of rationality manifest themselves not only in the high spheres of scientific comprehension of the world, but also in ordinary life. Types of rationality describe the most characteristic principles of organizing and processing information, principles of constructing a picture of the world and decision-making mechanisms. Classic type of rationality Classic... no comments

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 231225

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.